Effective Communication in Healthcare

Viable correspondence is a crucial part of human services. As indicated by Namrata Palta (2006), powerful correspondence in social insurance gives functional methods of upgrading correspondence between wellbeing experts and patients. Swayne et al. (2012) contends that human services associations are adjusting to structures that give the plan of both the practical structure and parallel structure.Advertising We will compose a custom exposition test on Effective Communication in Healthcare explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More According to Swayne et al. (2012), associations should actualize a model that encourages cross-unit correspondence, coordination, and cooperation. Correspondence between clinical staffs and patients must be exact and compelling so as to guarantee the shared advantages for all gatherings just as for patients (Swayne et al., 2012). This paper looks at the association models that best depicts my medicinal services association. This paper will likewi se look at the working environment correspondence methods utilized inside the medicinal services association. Which authoritative model best portrays your association? Our facility is a very mind boggling association that is made out of various Departments including CEO, Clinical Department, Marketing Department, Human Resource Department, Legal Department, Information framework Department, and Finance and Accounting Department. The parts inside clinical Department incorporate Medicine, Surgery, Obstetrics, pediatrics and Clinical Services. In this way, the association model that best portrays our facility is the network structure. While making this model, the principle goal of the facility was to hold the work task appointed to specialists together. The model was likewise made to encourage the execution of methodologies that are essential for accomplishing the crucial objectives of the center. As per Palta (2006), the lattice structure is one of the best models since it empowers de centralization of dynamic in an association. Swayne et al. (2006) contends that the lattice model increments organisations’ capacity to react successfully. Palta (2006) contends that framework association structure supports more cooperation, data sharing, correspondence and aggregate critical thinking in an association. The network structure includes seeing the whole association and what request are being made of it from inside and outside the association. The best procedures for sharing data inside this model incorporate month to month meeting, efforts, and phones. The center regularly start month to month meeting to address issues concerning the associations government assistance. Month to month gatherings among experts and colleagues give wide portrayal to key choices and encourage correspondence of the organisation’s course and technique usage. Strategies, for example, crusades and phones have empowered successful sharing of data between staff individuals. Individu als from the staff can assess how data as developed gives a lot of fulfilling task for the laborers, regardless of whether it is adjusted in requests and desires, and what relational abilities are required to guarantee successful conveyance of social insurance administrations to patients.Advertising Looking for article on wellbeing medication? We should check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The ineffectual methods for sharing data in the facility incorporate the utilization of messages and informal organizations. These procedures are inadequate in light of the fact that they require a significant level of proficiency. Besides, one must have a PC; a web empowered telephone or a PC to utilize these techniques. Numerous associates in our association don't have these contraptions. In this way, correspondence through an interpersonal organization and messages doesn't give effective sharing of data in a medicinal services association. In the human services condition, all these correspondence procedures can be applied to advance both vertical and sidelong correspondence. The incapable methods, for example, messages can likewise be altered to guarantee viable correspondence among PC proficient specialists and patients. How innovation has influenced powerful correspondence in our medicinal services association Technology considerably affects social insurance correspondence process. Data and correspondence innovation has made it simpler to keep and reestablish persistent records. Advances, for example, videoconferencing guarantees standard gathering among professionals and colleagues at a diminished expense. Data and Communication innovation has likewise prompted powerful sharing of data and noteworthy conferencing in our association. There is likewise improved dynamic inside the facility, as laborers can convey effectively and openly by utilization of channels, for example, PCs. Moreover, innovation has empowered professionals t o get bottomless data in one Inbox. Experts don't acquire voyaging cost as they can get all the necessary data through messages and fax. Data innovation has likewise prompted the development of virtual group inside our medicinal services association. How does your association right now share information or include representatives in defining answers for issues? Right now, our facility staffs share information through channels, for example, video conferencing and staff gatherings. These channels assume an indispensable job in dynamic and critical thinking in the facility. Meeting between the associates and experts frequently guarantee the usage of sound strategies that address the government assistance of patients. Then again, video conferencing regularly guarantee that most suitable procedures are executed at a less expensive expense as staff individuals don't need to travel. Innovation, accordingly, has assumed an exceptionally significant job in improving compelling correspondence in our foundation. End Conclusively, viable correspondence influences the nature of patient social insurance (Arredondo, 2000). In this way, it is basic for each social insurance association to actualize the association structures that can help increment sharing of data and thoughts. Social insurance associations ought to likewise execute advances that improve correspondence at a low cost.Advertising We will compose a custom article test on Effective Communication in Healthcare explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More References Arredondo, L. (2000). Conveying Effectively. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Prof Med/Tech. Palta, N. (2006). The Art of Effective Communication. Detroit: Lotus Press. Swayne, L., Duncan, J., Ginter, P. (2012). Vital Management of Health associations. New York, NY: John Wiley and Sons. This paper on Effective Communication in Healthcare was composed and put together by client Eli Cook to help you with your own investigations. You are allowed to utilize it for exploration and reference purposes so as to compose your own paper; be that as it may, you should refer to it in like manner. You can give your paper here.

Illustrator Paper essays

Artist Paper expositions Tomie dePaola is a mainstream childrens book writer that composes and represents his own books. In spite of the fact that dePaola has many books composed and outlined by him, a large number of his books representations are comparable. In an example of three of his books, Pancakes for Breakfast, Tom, and Strega Nonas Magic Lessons, his characters look especially indistinguishable and his styles are comparable. In any case, there are a few components from each book that varies from one another. In every one of the three books, dePaola utilizes a wide range of lines, rugged, straight, thick, slim, and delicate to do two or three distinct things. As a matter of first importance, characters in every one of the 3 of his books are basic. Their countenances and their feelings are communicated through straightforward lines and shapes. In spite of the fact that they are not unpredictable, you can perceive what the characters are thinking and feeling basically by taking a gander at how dePaola creates his lines. Second, in Pancakes for Breakfast, he utilized rough lines to show inclines and slopes and spiked lines to draw states of tree limbs. In Strega Nonas Magic Lessons, dePaola utilized a great deal of awe-inspiring lines on his characters. He worked superbly of demonstrating the characters all the more full body shapes through utilization of breathtaking lines as opposed to straighter lines. Third, dePaola likewise utilizes his lines to make surface in Pancakes for Breakfast, h owever less in Strega Nonas Magic Lessons and Tom. For instance, in Pancakes for Breakfast, he does a generally excellent activity of utilizing crosswise lines to show how horse shelter dividers are finished, and he did a great activity of utilizing lines to show the unpleasant surface of feed in the animal dwellingplace. Finally, in Strega Nona, dePaola utilizes milder lines and shadows to show profundity in his outlines. In each of the three of the books analyzed, dePaola utilizes a great deal of hues to draw in the youthful peruser. Be that as it may, every one of the three books had distinctive shading plans. For instance, in Strega Nona, he utilized a ton of blended hues. He utilized various shades of ... <!

How to Write a Psychology Lab Report

How to Write a Psychology Lab Report Student Resources APA Style and Writing Print How to Write a Psychology Lab Report By Kendra Cherry facebook twitter Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author, educational consultant, and speaker focused on helping students learn about psychology. Learn about our editorial policy Kendra Cherry Updated on February 15, 2020 baona / E / Getty Images More in Student Resources APA Style and Writing Study Guides and Tips Careers A psychology lab report is a paper that describes an experiment organized and written according to the same format used in professional journal articles. These are the essential elements of a psychology lab report and what each should include. Title Page This will be the first page of your lab report. It should include important information such as the name of your paper, your name, and your academic affiliation. Abstract Page two of your lab report will be an  abstractâ€"a brief description of what you set out to find in your research, how you went about it, and a general statement describing your findings. According to the American Psychological Association (APA) style guide, for most lab reports, the abstract should be kept to 250 words.?? However, the specific word count and format of abstract could vary depending on your instructor or the academic journal in which you plan to publish. Introduction Your paper should begin with an introduction that describes previous findings regarding your topic of interest, explains the goals of your current research, and describes your hypothesisâ€"what you expect to discover as a result of your research. In order to provide a thorough and sufficient overview of past research, your introduction will likely be several pages long. Be sure to cite all sources using proper APA style. See How to Use APA Format to Cite Authors, Books, and Periodicals Method The next section of your lab report will be the method section. In this portion of your report, you will describe the procedures you used in your research. Youll include specific information such as the number of participants in your study, the background of each individual, your independent and dependent variables, and the type of experimental design you used. Results In the  results section  of your lab report, youll describe the statistical data you gathered from your research. This section will likely be quite short; you dont need to include any interpretation of your results. Use tables and figures to display statistical data and results. Discussion Next, your lab report should include a discussion section. Here youll  interpret the results of your experiment and state whether your findings support your hypothesis. You also should offer possible explanations for your findings and what they might mean in terms of future research on the topic. References After your discussion section, your lab report should  include a list of the references you used in your experiment and lab report. Remember, all references cited in the text must be listed in the references section and vice versa. All references should be in APA format. Tables and Figures Any tables or figures used to display your results should be included in this final section of your lab report.  For more detailed descriptions and examples of tables and figures, consult the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association.

Production Reduce Global Warming Example For Free - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1142 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Ecology Essay Type Cause and effect essay Tags: Global Warming Essay Did you like this example? INTRODUCTION Global warming is defined as temperature increase world wide due to green house gases emission and cause deletion to ozone layer [1]. It mainly occurred due to the burning of fuel, Green house gases include chloro- fluorocarbon (CFC), carbon dioxide, nitrous dioxide, methane, sulphur dioxide. Carbon dioxide, sulphur dioxides are the major gases that cause global warming, co2 and so2 are mainly emitted from the burning of fossil fuel. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Production Reduce Global Warming Example For Free" essay for you Create order Bio fuels are replaced for petroleum or fuels from fossils and they emit very low amount of sulphur dioxide and carbon dioxide [2]. The bio-fuels are also used as the either partially or totally substitute in vehicle engines [3]. BACKGROUND Bio-fuels are the fuels obtain from plants (www.biomass.uk.com/glossary.php). And these fuels are gaseous, liquids or solids. Liquid bio fuels are categorised into bio diesel, bio alcohol and bio Ethanol[4].ethanol is bio-fuel, is mainly produced from corn while alcohol distillation. Ethanol is a produced more from sugar cane and maize as compare to the corn [5]. CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF CASE: (Are bio-fuels a feasible option? By Jose Goldemberg, Patricia Guardabassi) According to the case, Brazil is one of the highest producers of ethanol from sugarcane (Goldemberg, 2007).Ethanol is a good alternative for gasoline (Moreira and Goldemberg, 1999),ethanol produced in brazil from a sugar cane can be used as a substitute for gasoline(Mathews, 2007), If ethanol is from agricultural product it does not contain any impurities like sulphur dioxide which commonly found in fossil fuels and proper practices of agriculture reduce green house gases(Goldemberg, 2007), united state states producing ethanol from maize leads to deforestation (Laurence (2007) ),reduction of greenhouse gases cannot reduced only by decreasing but also decreased by environmental indicator factor like deforestation and reducing ash (Searchinger et al. (2008)).when compare with gasoline produced from maize and sugarcane ,maize emits 18%less CO2 where as from sugarcane reduce about 91%less CO2(Goldemberg, 2007).the world 6%of land is used for cultivating crops, so bio-fuels results pri ce of crops increased(FAO, 2007).but not all bio-fuels have same impact on prices of food ,the ethanol produced from sugar in brazil have no impact on sugar prices (Goldemberg, 2007).The larger amount of ethanol is exported from southern hemisphere countries like brazil, which has good agricultural resources like land and climatic conditions suitable for sugar cane used for ethanol production(Mathews, 2007),so production from sugarcane decrease deforestation( Searchinger et al. (2008)). The use of bio-fuels decreases pollution, deforestation and also no effect on the price of crops. Case study about Biodiesel from microalgae According to the articles biodiesel is also produced micro algae .Micro algae are driven from sunlight cell that is used for the production bio-fuels, foods by utilization of carbon dioxide (Walter et al., 2005), it produces different types of renewable fuels. micro algae can be obtained from hydro carbons, lipids (Banerjee et al., 2002; Metzger and Largeau, 2005; Guschina and Harwood, 2006), Methane is produced from algal biomass by algal digestion (Spolaore et al 2005).biodiesel from liquid algal biomass (Gavrilescuand Chisti, 2005) algal biomass can be produced majorly by two process raceway pond and photo synthesis bio reactor; the raceway ponds is 0.3m diameter circular pounds having pure water is used for biomass production and in photosynthetic bioreactor production consist of an array of glass or transparent plastic tubes and photo bioreactor is used for capture of sunlight and it produce more biomass as compare to the race pound in a hectare. The us government is sponsorin g for the study of biomass production of race way pond (Sheehan et al., 1998), fuels produced from the algae government kept regulations such as ASTM bio diesel standard6751(Knothe, 2006) and EU have certain standards for biodiesel used for transportation such as STANDARD EN 14214 and STANDARD EN 14213(Knothe, 2006).the cost of production by photosynthetic bio reachtor is cheap compare to race way pound and the cost of biomass per kg is $2.9 to$3.5(Humphreys, 1991; Molina,Grima et al., 2003). So production cost can be decreased by using genetically modified and photo engineering technologies, so production of biodiesel from micro algae can be used as alternative for fossil fuels. Comparison; Both the cases are related to production of biofuel in terms of economical and environmental factors, In the case about ethanol from and biodiesel from algae are used for the substitute for the fossil fuels. Majorly Brazil is using sugar cane for the ethanol production (Goldemberg, 2007)where as now US is developing technology for the production biodiesel from biomass(Sheehan et al., 1998).Ethanol and biodiesel reduce sulphur dioxide .ethanol from sugar cane decrease deforestation and in the case of bio diesel from algae produced from waste water treatment such as photosynthetic bioreactor and race way ponds, brazil have favorable climate for the production of sugar and for the algae is suite for all types of climates and mainly from waste water but it is in experimental level and no company producing from algae, Ethanol produced from the sugar cane decrease 91%of co2(Goldemberg, 2007), But biodiesel production from biomass by use of co 2 which is produced by power plants using fossil fuels(Sawayama et al., 1995; Yun et al., 1997). Ethanol production leading to the deforestation but in the case of biomass production only by sunlight and water, ethanol produced from sugar cane economically efficient but in case of production of biodiesel it is very costlier. Bio fuel from crops has negative effect like food prices. Ethanol produced from sugar is used as gasoline and methane is produced from biomass .ethanol can be produced by Conclusion There are many benefits for the environment, economy and consumers in using bio-fuels. Bio-oil can be used as a substitute for fossil fuels to generate heat, power and/or chemicals. Bio-fuels are made from biomass through thermochemical processes such as pyrolysis, gasification, liquefaction and supercritical fluid extraction or biochemical processes. Biochemical conversion of biomass is completed through alcoholic fermentation to produce liquid fuels and anaerobic digestion or fermentation to produce biogas. In wood derived pyrolysis oil, specific oxygenated compounds are present in relatively large amounts. Basically, the recovery of pure compounds from the complex bio-oil is technically feasible but probably economically unattractive because of the high costs for recovery of the chemical and its low concentration in the oil. Ethanol, bio-diesel and bio-gas are the most useful fuels from agricultural sources. Ethanol demand is expected to more than double in the next ten ye ars. For the supply to be available to meet this demand, new technologies must be moved from the laboratories to commercial reality. The world ethanol production is about 60% by feedstock from sugar crops. Most of the bio-diesel that is currently made uses soybean oil, methanol and an alkaline catalyst. The high value of soybean oil as a food product makes production of a cost effective fuel very challenging. However, there are large amounts of low cost oils and fats such as restaurant waste and animal fats that could be converted to bio-diesel.

example of informative speech outline Essay examples

EXAMPLE OF INFORMATIVE SPEECH OUTLINE Informative Outline Topic: Impact of Media in the Society and Individual General Purpose: To Inform Specific Purpose: To inform my audience the negative impact of social media in the society and to the individual. Thesis: Social media websites are some of the most popular haunts on the Internet. They have revolutionized the way people communicate and socialize on the Web. I. Introduction A. Attention Getter: Today, just about everyone depends on information and communication to keep their lives moving through daily activities like work, education, health care, leisure activities, entertainment, travelling, personal relationships, and the other stuff with which we are†¦show more content†¦1. There are three basic functions of mass media. a. Providing news and information b. Entertainment c. Education 2. How media influence us a. According to Victoria Sherrow, in her book Violence the question of cause and effect and the Media: There are positive and negative influences of mass media, which we must understand as a responsible person of a society. b. New and influential media-distribution channels have appeared in the 21st century. Delivered via the World Wide Web across the Internet, we are influenced daily by blogs, wikis, social networks, virtual worlds and myriad forms of content sharing. c. Radio and then television were very influential. As the 20th century closed, TV exposed us to untold numbers of images of advertising and marketing, suffering and relief, sexuality and violence, celebrity, and much more. Transition: Now that I have discussed the influence of social media, I will now discuss the effects of social media and the impact to the society and to the individual. B. The impact of Media on the society 1. Social impact a. Couldry states that â€Å"Mass media generally are considered a prime candidate given the on-line profusion of information and entertainment services. This article compares the daily mass media habits of heavy, light, and nonusers of personal computers and on-line services based on 1994 and 1995 national surveys conducted by the Times-Mirror Center for the People and the Press.† b. On aShow MoreRelatedEssay about Informative Speech Outline Example1185 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿Names Here Communication 103 Informative Outline October 7, 2014 General Purpose: To inform the class about the Maasai. Specific Purpose: To teach the audience certain aspects of the Maasai such as their culture, food, living conditions, and language. I. Introduction: A. Attention Gainer: Mika: â€Å"Mambo rafiki! Maji maju?† Kelsey: â€Å"Ah poa, asante sana dada!† Mika: â€Å"Karibu sana.† B. Reason to Listen: This is an example of a simple conversation between the Maasai, a unique African tribe whose cultureRead MoreInformative Speech/Outline Vegetarians Essay examples635 Words   |  3 Pagescomes from an animal. Some don’t wear wool because it harms the sheep, don’t use silk because it hurt silkworms, and don’t eat honey because they do not want to hurt bees. Other vegetarians only eat vegetables; however, they do not kill plants. For examples, they will not eat carrots or potatoes because when they pick them, the plant dies. They will eat apples or pears because picking them does not harm the plant. Some vegetarians do not kill or hurt any animals – not even fly or a mosquito! Can youRead MoreInformative Speech Outline for Drums Essay example809 Words   |  4 PagesDrumming! A history of drums and drumming from past to present. General Purpose: To inform the class about the history of drums and drumming. Specific Purpose: At the end of my informative speech, I would like everyone to understand where drums came from and how they are used today. Thesis: Drums give the world of music rhythm. Without drums and drum beats, I believe that music today would not be as good as it is currently. Introduction: A. How many in here like to listen to musicRead MoreWarning Label Explanation Speech On The Mirror1386 Words   |  6 PagesWarning Label Explanation Speech Man in the Mirror With this speech I was able to conquer many factors such as letting my words coming out in a voice tone the way I intended it to be. I was able to deliver my main points just like I practiced. I was able to create an outline according to what I expected to deliver to my audience. However, once again I allowed my nervousness to get a little bit of my power and confidence. Because of my anxiety I did not create a true connection with my listeners (classmates)Read MoreSelf-Analysis Essay633 Words   |  3 PagesI’d like to begin by saying that the informative speech I gave was better than the how-to speech in that I was much more relaxed, prepared and organized this time. So I do think I am improving from speech to speech. Also, while preparing for my informative speech, I learned more about my topic from doing further research, which is great. I realized that you can learn so much, however, that it is sometimes difficult to put it all into a five to eight minute speech. Becaus e of this, I’ve really learnedRead MoreInformative Speech1497 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿ORGC 201 Informative Speech Assignment Create a 5-6 minute presentation using PowerPoint visuals. Make sure your PowerPoint follows the guidelines discussed in class. The purpose of the presentation should be to inform the audience. Your presentation should reflect a topic, theme, or issue relevant to your major. For ideas of topics, you may consider looking at issues of Crains’ Chicago, The Wall Street Journal, Bloomberg BusinessWeek, The New York Times, The Chicago Tribune, cnn.com, TheRead MoreSpeech Preparation Essay586 Words   |  3 PagesSpeech Preparation Reflection Alicia Ramos COM/110 April 25, 2016 Linda Price Speech Preparation Reflection The best way to prepare for a presentation, one must consider the best method, the type of presentation and the audience for a given topic. There are four different types of presentation methods they are; Impromptu, Extemporaneous Speaking, Using a Manuscript, and Memorization. Each of the four methods is appropriate in certain situations. Impromptu is a speech that frequently involvesRead MoreThe Main Objectives Of Organizing A Speech970 Words   |  4 Pagesaudience and deliver a speech. But they wouold be more successful at delivering their speech if the speeches are well-organized. The most effective method of writing a speech is called organization, which refers to arranging speech material in a particular order. It is highly beneficial to organize the ideas that make up your speech into three identifiable parts: first, an introduction, then a body, then last, a conclusion. The four main objectives of organizing a speech are to: Identify 2 toRead MoreInformative Speech On Tattoos1286 Words   |  6 PagesPreview: Today I will condense some of the history of Tattoos into a brief speech, including tattoos in ancient civilizations, historical tattoos and tattooing techniques in today s world, and modern tattoos in Western culture. BODY I. Main Point I: For some the act of getting tattoos may seem like a phase in a generation, something to be regretted later, but in actuality tattooing has been around Informative Speech Outline: Updated 7.13.15 for thousands of years. A. Read MoreOutline for Public Speaking1448 Words   |  6 PagesSAMPLE SPEECH WITH COMMENTARY SAMPLE PREPARATION OUTLINE WITH COMMENTARY The following outline for a six-minute informative speech illustrates the principles just discussed. The commentary explains the procedures used in organizing the speech and writing the outline. (Check with your teacher to see if she or he wants you to include a title with your outline.) Panic Attacks | COMMENTARY | Topic: Panic Attack | Stating your specific purpose and central idea as separate units before the text

The Autocratic Leader Free Essays

1. Introduction to Autocratic Leadership There are several effective leadership styles used to run organizations. The autocratic style basically tells employees what to do. We will write a custom essay sample on The Autocratic Leader or any similar topic only for you Order Now This style is defined as excessively demanding, with one way of communication-from management to employee. Managers possess the power to coerce â€Å"subordinates† to accomplish the mission. Decision making comes from the leader(s) and the opinion or input of the employee is not considered. Nevertheless, autocratic leadership can be useful in certain situations or types of businesses. At times, management must utilize this type of leadership to achieve important goals. 2. Martha Stewart – An Autocratic Leader Autocratic leadership is a management style that places pressure on employees to produce a product, service or image. This style is reminiscent of a dictatorship but in some businesses or military organizations, this type of leadership is necessary. Many employees have worked with an authoritarian manager and are used to it, require it, and even expect it. A good example of an autocratic leader is Martha Stewart who has built an empire based on her teaching techniques for simplicity and creativity in the home: cooking, crafts, finding the perfect housewares, etc.; all accomplished with great attention to detail. Whether people have admired Martha Stewart or not, one cannot argue that she has remained careful, consistent and demanding of her employees. She’s very successful in nearly all of her endeavors, and often, if not always, has used an autocratic management style. It’s common knowledge that it’s her autocratic leadership style that has made her a success in nearly every form of media. Martha Stewart’s critics (who are many) argue that she would have found even more success had she not relied so heavily on the autocratic style of leadership. 3. Autocratic Leadership in the Group Project Setting Another circumstance where autocratic leadership can be helpful is while working on group projects. When a group has no designated leader, a project can fail. When each group member expresses their own opinions and tenaciously holds to them, conflict is sure to arise. In this circumstance, project quality may suffer or literally come to a standstill. Groups need an autocratic leader who can hold to the decisions made by or for the group. The leader should seek for solutions to problems that arise in the project and then delegate the task to the members of the group. Steve Jobs, founder of Apple, Inc., was a very successful autocratic leader. He was typically authoritative and made every major final decision for Apple. Some argue that autocratic leadership can never lead to success – it’s controlling and solely based on the personality and style of the manager. But an effective autocratic leader can achieve great success in bringing a project to completion. During the first stages of developing an entrepreneurial organization, implementing an autocratic leadership style will enable the company to have and keep direction and momentum. A leader who is autocratic should apply his/her style wisely and with trepidation. How to cite The Autocratic Leader, Essay examples

Winterbourne free essay sample

The local authorities such as South Gloucestershire council can only acknowledge the findings. The patients were put at risk by breaching their safety for not having properly trained staff. Not all of the alerts were passed onto the NHS which shows a lack of communication and vital information not being cascaded via the right route. This is clearly a total lack of respect for the patients and their relatives or friends. The place was unsafe and professionals failed to demonstrate their duty of care by promoting an unworkable management structure with poorly paid and untrained staff. Despite receiving public concerns and complaints from visitors or patients themselves, nothing was brought forward so that a disaster could be avoided. The report resulted after a parent secretly filmed images which proved how distressing the place was with all sorts of abuse being common practice. The effective and human delivery of assessment, treatment and rehabilitation had been completely undermined. We will write a custom essay sample on Winterbourne or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This was clearly a total breakdown of communication including for the Police and C. Q. C. http://www. bc. co. uk/news/uk-18581253 In the wake of the Winterbourne View Hospital near Bristol, the Care Quality Commission found that 48% of inspected premises (hospitals amp; homes) did not meet the required general care and welfare standards. The report highlighted the fact that there is a failure to treat the residents as individuals and that people were staying for years in centres intended for short-term care. The use of restraint was also pointed at and an â€Å"urgent need† to reduce its use was requested. There is a case of a man called James who had severe learning disabilities and autism who had spent years in different homes. He suffered sexual and physical abuse which made him a â€Å"different human being† said his Mum. Therefore, as a result of those findings, the new commissioning bodies, the clinical commissioning groups, are asked to pay special attention to people with a learning disability. Also and to conclude, the private sector seems to be more at risks than the NHS.

Stephen Crane Essay Example For Students

Stephen Crane Essay Steven CraneSteven Crane : How his excellent setting and character description along with thephysical, emotional, and intellectual responses of people under extreme pressure and thebetrayal and guilt he shows for his characters helps the reader to better understand hisworks. Steven Crane is not one of the most liked authors in the world. He tends tobecome to engulfed in the scenery around the action that is taking place rather than theaction itself. Readers do not always follow and sometimes become lost in the sceneryinstead of the action. Details are very important for the readers because if the reader cannot see the same thing that the writer sees then the reader might lose interest in the story. We will write a custom essay on Stephen Crane specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Crane does not mean for this to happen. He is only trying to help the reader betterunderstand what is going on. In the story The Blue Hotel, and in his poem Do Not Weep, Maiden, for Waris Kind, Crane uses his excellent setting and character description along with the physical,emotional, and intellectual responses of people under extreme pressure and the betrayaland guilt he shows between the characters to help the reader better understand the story orpoem. Crane shows these characteristics in almost everything he writes. In The Blue Hotel, Crane does an excellent job of describing the setting to youin every way possible. For example in the beginning of the story The Blue Hotel, he saysthat the hotel was painted a light blue, a shade that is on the legs of a kind of heron,causing the bird to declare its position against any background. He does this type of depiction on every single thing he describes. Then in paragraph three he says A littleIrishman wore a heavy fur cap squeezed tightly down on his head. It caused his two redears to stick out stiffly, as if they were made of tin. All of that for a guy he just passedalong the street on the way to the hotel. In the end Crane even goes into an in depthdescription of the bitter cold snow outside. Why does he see that to be so important?Everybody knows that snow is cold. He strongly believes in very good details that is forsure. The setting is one of the most important elements of a literary work. If the settingdoes not catch your attention as a reader the n you are unable to get into the story. Thelocality has symbolic importance and could have been sketched without firsthandexperience. This means that you would not ever have had to have been where the storytakes place to understand what it looks like because of his excellent description of thesetting. Crane also does a good job of establishing his characters through one of his majorthemes. The physical, emotional, and intellectual responses of people under extremepressure. Crane shows this in his characters to help the reader better understand what thecharacter is going through. One example of this is when the Swede accuses Johnny ofcheating in a card game. This offends Johnny and his emotional and physical reaction is tochallenge the Swede to a fight. Each Crane shortstory is designed upon a single ironicincident, a crucial paradox, or an irony of opposition. Crane stories consist of that momentwhen the characters confront the inescapable impasse of their situation, they are caughtand boxed in by fate, and then nothing happens. That is what happens with the Swedeafter he whips Johnny in the fight. The Swede feels as if he is no longer wanted at thehotel since Johnnys father is the owner of the hotel. The Swede becomes boxed in aninescapable situation. Crane tends to show this in most all of his works. Crane must havefound himself in these situation many times himself. If not he thought that this was a goodway to captivate the readers attention. He did believe that the readers attention was anecessity in successful literary writing. .ucf8d6e71dd3cf7a7b760749504eaabfc , .ucf8d6e71dd3cf7a7b760749504eaabfc .postImageUrl , .ucf8d6e71dd3cf7a7b760749504eaabfc .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ucf8d6e71dd3cf7a7b760749504eaabfc , .ucf8d6e71dd3cf7a7b760749504eaabfc:hover , .ucf8d6e71dd3cf7a7b760749504eaabfc:visited , .ucf8d6e71dd3cf7a7b760749504eaabfc:active { border:0!important; } .ucf8d6e71dd3cf7a7b760749504eaabfc .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ucf8d6e71dd3cf7a7b760749504eaabfc { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ucf8d6e71dd3cf7a7b760749504eaabfc:active , .ucf8d6e71dd3cf7a7b760749504eaabfc:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ucf8d6e71dd3cf7a7b760749504eaabfc .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ucf8d6e71dd3cf7a7b760749504eaabfc .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ucf8d6e71dd3cf7a7b760749504eaabfc .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ucf8d6e71dd3cf7a7b760749504eaabfc .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ucf8d6e71dd3cf7a7b760749504eaabfc:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ucf8d6e71dd3cf7a7b760749504eaabfc .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ucf8d6e71dd3cf7a7b760749504eaabfc .ucf8d6e71dd3cf7a7b760749504eaabfc-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ucf8d6e71dd3cf7a7b760749504eaabfc:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Drug and Alcohol Abuse EssayIt is believed that the fight in the story came from a fight Crane witnessed on histravel across the west. He tried to break the fight up that he witnessed instead ofencouraging it as everyone in the story does. Crane also shows his naturally used theme of betrayal and guilt through the Swede. He does this after the Swede leaves the hotel. The Swede goes into a bar and asks somegentlemen to drink with him to celebrate his victory over Johnny. When they refuse hebecome angry as if he is being betrayed by these men because they will not let him buythem a drink. The Swede then threatens one of the gentlemen and the man retaliates andends up killing the Swede. Without this betrayed feeling the Swede would have probablylived. This ,the blue hotel, could have been one of Cranes best works if it were not forthe puzzling ending, in which the Easterner offers a moral that baffles not only theCowboy , but the reader as well. He (the Easterner) does this by telling the Cowboy heseen Johnny cheating but never spoke up. If the Easterner would have spoken up soonerthe whole story would have changed drastically. In the poem Do Not Weep, Maiden, for War is Kind, Crane also shows thischaracteristic of betrayal. In the poem there is a wife, daughter, and a mother who feel asif they have been betrayed by their husband, father, and son for leaving them to fight fortheir country in war. The author tries to comfort them by telling them that everything willbe all right, for war is kind.Crane also uses his descriptive setting to help the reader see what it looks like inwar. For example in line eleven he says a field where a thousand corpses lie. In lineseight and nineteen he says these men were born to drill and die. You can just see themen running around everywhere. Screaming and hollering while their friends are dying allaround them. There is nothing they can do but pray they will make it out alive. Steven Crane is a very good writer and loves scenery. Although he does becometo involved in the scenery sometimes. For that reason some readers tend to draw awayfrom his work. Steven Crane does a good job establishing his common themes as well asthe scenery in both The Blue Hotel and Do Not Weep, Maiden, for War is Kind. Crane, Steven. Do Not Weep, Maiden, for War is Kind. Literature: An Introduction to Reading and Writing. Editor. Edgar V. Roberts. NewJersey: Prentice Hall, 1998. 1039. Crane, Steven. The Blue Hotel. Literature: An Introduction to Reading and Writing. Editor. Edgar V. Roberts. New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 1998.110 128. Narveson, Robert. (1969) Reprinted in Nineteenth Century Literary Criticism. Editor. Vottelec, Thomas. Detroit: Gale Research, 1991. Seven: 109Stallman, Robert Wooster. (1952) Reprinted in Nineteenth Century LiteraryCriticism. Editor. Vottelec, Thomas. Detroit: Gale Research, 1991. Seven :127

How to Make Your Own Cookbook in 5 Simple Steps

How to Make Your Own Cookbook in 5 Simple Steps How to Publish a Cookbook in 5 Easy Steps So you’ve been blogging about your favorite recipes? Maybe you have always loved cooking, and mentally amend the dishes you eat when you go to restaurants? Perhaps you’ve been racking up quite a following on Instagram with your â€Å"how to make† videos. If any of these describe you, there’s a good chance you’ve also thought that it might be time to step your love of food up a notch, and make your own cookbook. Tips for writing a cookbook: People always want to buy a cookbook, even when the market's down. Food and Drink is one of non-fiction’s hottest genres: as award-winning food stylist and editor Ashley Strickland Freeman says, â€Å"People will always want to buy a cookbook - even when the market is down. Everyone's got to eat and there is just something about holding and flipping through a beautiful cookbook to get you inspired.† As a result, it’s a crowded and highly competitive market - so you need to make sure that you really put your best whisk forward as you get ready to publish.So if you’ve been struck by culinary genius, or simply have an idea for a cookbook simmering away: preheat your oven, assemble your ingredients, and grab a pen. We’re here to help you get the ball of dough rolling by explaining the steps to make your own cookbook.Step 1: Nail down the what, why, and who of your cookbookStart your cookbook by connecting the dots between these three aspects: the type of cookbook, the reason you should write it, and who will read it. Once you’ve nailed down those basics, you should be able to complete this sentence:.So for instance: â€Å"Vegans will enjoy The Oh She Glows Cookbook, because it offers recipes that will help them develop their plant-based cooking skills.† Or: â€Å"Beginner cooks will enjoy Martha Stewart's Cooking School, because it offers a culinary masterclass for chefs-to-be who are just getting started in the kitchen.† Read on to find out how to start your cookbook by nailing down it's concept, goal, and audience. In other words, you need to know the what, why, and who of your cookbook. Now let’s get cooking!What kind of cookbook should you make?Just as a novel has a plot and belongs to a genre, cookbooks also need a story, a concept, an angle, a shtick - whatever you want to call it. So first and foremost, you need to establish the type of cookbook you want to write.Comprehensive Offers large varieties of recipes from beginner level to advanced, and is meant to act as an all-encompassing resource on the subject - such as Mark Bittman’s How to Cook Everything.50 Book Marketing Ideas Every Author Needs to Know Read post What about marketing?Perhaps the most challenging part of self-publishing is getting people to buy your books. Thankfully, there is a wealth of book marketing knowledge that authors can tap into when formulating their plan.One thing that indie cookbook authors should bear in mind is the fact that they will have a lot of opportunities for creating content. Unique recipes paired with professional-grade photography (which you can take from your book) should help you pitch guest posts to other sites - and keep subscribers to your mailing list engaged.If you’re still not quite sure which publishing path is for you, check out our quiz: Should You Self-Publish or Traditionally Publish? Tips on publishing a cookbook: show how your cookbook is different from what's already out there. Food made with love always tastes better. The above steps can help you translate this passion to the page, and get your recipes ready to share with the world of readers and cooks out there. If you’re looking for more information on making and publishing your own cookbook, enroll in our free, ten-day course: How to Turn Your Cookbook Idea into a Reality.Happy cooking and writing!Are you an aspiring or experienced cookbook writer? Share your thoughts in the comments below.

Response to Cole and Foster Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Response to Cole and Foster - Essay Example Cole and Foster (58-60) identify that there are questions arising and unanswered about environmental safety. Why is dumping done to some communities during others getaway? Why environmental guidelines are vigorously implemented in particular communities while others are spared? Can environmental fairness be incorporated into environmental security? "What institutional changes are needed in order to" attain a just and sustainable environmental society? In addition, what community systematizing strategies and public procedures are helpful tools against environmental racism? This paper studies environmental racism, why there is difficulty in redressing the situation even when it apparent and why it is important for all environmentalists to acknowledge the equity between environmental and social problems. Moreover, the paper analyses the risks associated with environmental racism and how the problem should be addressed. Environmental racism is a shape of institutionalized prejudice. America is in the leading front in terms of economic and military force globally. The US economic engine generates enormous wealth, consumerism and high living standards. Nevertheless, this growth machine also produces pollution, waste and ecological destruction. America has some of the finest environmental laws in planet Earth. However, in the genuine world, not all communities are created equal. Over an extended period, environmental regulations have lagged in achieving homogeneous benefits across all divisions of society. The laws in US allow some communities to be routinely poisoned while others are protected from environmental hazards (Cole & Foster 58). As mentioned earlier, environmental racism refers to the unequal or misappropriate distribution of environmental hazards by race or income. Between the two predictors of environmental hazard distribution, the risk is more profound in terms of race as compared to

Court Terms Law Assignment Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Court Terms Law Assignment - Research Paper Example The party presenting the offer to the offeree can realize that the offeree did not have the intention of signing the contract, by verifying the consent of the offeree before allowing him or her to sign the form. At the same time, the offeror can test the offeree’s knowledge of the contents of the terms and conditions, by asking sample questions from the terms. The third way to test the offeree is by explaining the consequences of signing, and the implication of signing without consent. The seriousness of the terms will enable the offeree to be serious and eliminate all jokes when it comes to signing the consent. If the offeree insists on signing, the offeror provides enough time to the offeree to go through the clauses of the agreement before finally signing. The offeror can select the most critical clauses and expose them as matters of priority to the offeree before allowing him or her to sign. All actions must be before signing because after then, the signed terms are valid for critical transactions. In this case, the offeree will have no option other than to read the entire terms and conditions.Exercise 3: ConsiderationAgreement fails to get consideration if there is lack of consideration. At the same time, if there is an additional term that was not present from the onset, the rule of acceptance does not agree with the agreement in a case where A enforces a promise by making offers to B and B does not agree to the terms and conditions of the agreements.... All actions must be before signing because after then, the signed terms are valid for critical transactions. In this case, the offeree will have no option other than to read the entire terms and conditions. Exercise 3: Consideration Agreement fails to get consideration if there is lack of consideration. At the same time, if there is an additional term that was not present from the onset, the rule of acceptance does not agree with the agreement in a case where A enforces a promise by making offers to B and B does not agree to the terms and conditions of the agreements. In this case, A promises to present the terms and conditions for amendment, and B confirms that he or she has read the terms and understood them before signing the agreement. It lacks consideration because there is no consent of the offeree. Exercise 4: Agreement The agreement that A and B entered into could certainly not be enforced, since it lacked consideration. This is because it lacked acceptance due to unclear ter ms and conditions. Nevertheless, according to the theory of consent, offeror A would succeed in enforcing the agreement after B has read and signed the consent. This theory requires the offeree B to prove the following: That he or she has read every section of the terms and conditions of the agreement That he or she is serious and is in his or her right conscious That he or she has understood the terms and conditions of the agreement That he or she is interested in the contract and has willingly accepted the terms and conditions. Exercise 5: Reality of Consent and Fraud Perpetration Parties to a binding contract can perpetrate frauds and forgeries through impersonation or use of false unwarranted

Definition Of What Good And Evil Are Philosophy Essay

Definition Of What Good And Evil Are Philosophy Essay Hsun Tzu rejected the idea that humans had a natural inclination towards goodness. People were born with an evil mind and if the mind was to be properly trained, only then may it lead to goodness. He believed that all humans are bad by nature but he did not disagree with the fact that personal experiences and interactions could help to cure the evil mind and embody human goodness. For example, he believed that babies were evil because as soon as they are born they do not know any better. They do not know the difference between right and wrong. If a baby were to pull its mothers hair, it would not be considered a wrongful action. What humans define evil is the ideal evil of society. Doing something that makes somebody else uncomfortable or unhappy is considered a wrongful action, but whether or not it is, is a different story all together. Society has taught us that babies do not know the difference between right and wrong, therefore even if the action is considered wrong to a grown p erson, there is no way the baby knows what he or she is doing. Until you live life and are able to experience and interact with others, your mind is set to neutral. If a baby has not been taught the difference between right and wrong, regardless of what people who have been taught the difference believe, there is no possible way the babys actions are bad. Although Hsun Tzu believed this way, Mencius believed the complete opposite. Mencius believes that people are born good, and that it is the evil situations/surrounding that people are placed in that cause them to act evil. When discussing the Yi, it is referring to the way one values them self. As soon as a person falls under their own standards as a person, they are a disgrace to themselves as well as to everyone else. Keeping this in mind, because he believes that everyone is born with a good mind, they only way to destroy that is yourself. Regardless of the experiences that life throws at you, its up to you to make sure you do not fall victim to the negative aspects that could alter your non-evil mind. A very important aspect to consider is that of societies view on good and evil. Without knowing what is considered truly evil or good, no one can judge others or even themselves for that matter. Ones actions are judged by all, and if society has outlined something such as killing to be wrong, then the actions of a killer are evil. Usually when someone commit s a crime, they had to have thought about it first, so its safe to say that thoughts are just as evil as actions. The constant repeating of ones evil actions are also considered wrong or immoral. No one wakes up one day and decides to do something wrong unless they have gone through the experience of seeing someone else doing it or being taught it first hand. Therefore, once you are lucky enough to be given to opportunity to make a suitable life for yourself, it is up to what information humans attain to decide what type of person they turn out to be; good or bad. Platos idea of universal goodness and evil however are quite different from the views of both Mencius and Hsun Tzu. According to Plato, people are representations of things on earth and therefore people are born without being ultimately good or evil. It is impossible for a person to be truly evil, because humans only represent the ideal evil. Nobody truly knows what evil is. Evil is what is taught to us through the personal experiences we encounter throughout our life. It is also learnt through what is taught to us by teachers as well as other people. If someone is considered to be a good person, then it only takes one wrongful act to turn him or her evil, or so we have been taught. According to Aristotles Law of Non-Contradiction that states that something cannot be said to be and not be at the same time illustrates that man is good, and if man is good then he is not evil, concluding that good are evil are two opposite things. Nobody is perfect, so it is impossible to say that somebody can be truly good or evil. What everybody knows for sure is that what people view to be good and or evil actions differs from human to human. If there is no universal census or conclusion on what makes a person truly good or evil then it outlines that there is not just one answer as to what people are thinking of when first born. Everybody is born with a neutral mindset and without the experiences that life has to offer, regardless of whether it turns humans into good or bad people, it is what is taught to you in life that defines people as individuals. This concludes that without the knowledge of living life to the fullest, nobody can be considered good or evil because we are all born with neutral minds. Thee definition of what makes a person truly good or evil is impossible to prove as it differs between different societies as well as over time. No one can be considered truly good or evil, as it is only a state of mind placed on a person in a given experience from his or her daily life. Without the experience of being able to interact with others, it is impossible to consider someone good or evil. It because our nature it is because our nature has taught us to be both good and bad that there is no tangible evidence to prove that one overpowers the other to create the ultimate good or evil person. Furthermore, no one person can be born good or evil as it is against our biological make-up to be evil in the first place. People are born neutral and then learn how to define ones self through personal experiences and interactions. GOOD VS. EVIL ESSAY By: Alexee Simon Date Submitted: April 2nd 2010 Submitted to: Dr. Brown Course Code: HZT4U1

Wine Analysis of Fining Agents Chemistry

CHEMISTRY-WINE MAKING| Investigating the effectiveness of common fining agents on homemade fruit wine with respect to Turbidity, Sediment level, Ph and Alcohol content. | | Year 12 Chemistry| Extended Experimental InvestigationA comparison of chemical flocculation agents| Mario Mitov| Mrs Cullen 2011| | Contents: 1. 0- Abstract 2. 0- Introduction/Background 3. 0- Aim 4. 0- Hypothesis 5. 0- Safety analysis 6. 0- Equipment and Materials 7. 0- Procedures/Methods . 1- Initial wine making procedure 8. 2- Addition of clearing agents including ratio conversion 8. 3- PH testing 8. 4- Vinometer testing 8. 5- Hydrometer testing 8. 6- Turbidity testing (tube) 8. 7- Sediment level measurement 8. 8- Electric conductivity (EC) testing 8. 9- EC conversion to TDS 8. 10- Alcohol titration method 8. 11- Alcohol titration calculations (refer to journal) 8. 0- Results/ Data Analysis 9. 12- Graph1. PH over time 9. 13- Graph2. Alcohol %v/v over time 9. 14- Graph3. Sediment level over time 9. 15- Graph4. D ifference in sediment level over time 9. 6- Graph5. Turbidity over time 9. 17- Graph6. Electrical conductivity over time 9. 0- Discussion 10. 0- Conclusion 11. 0- Appendices 12. 0- References 13. 0- Special Acknowledgments 1. 0-Abstract: The construction of this EEI was conducted in accordance to the term 2 context (Wine: an artful process). This report is intended to present the experimental and analytical aspects of wine chemistry with focus on fining agents. By testing these fining agents on wine samples, their overall effectiveness will be observed and discussed with respect to pH, Turbidity, Sediment level etc.This will help draw a valid conclusion as to the fining agent that has the greatest clarification effects on the tested wines and to what extent. 2. 0- Introduction: The ancient process of winemaking has captivated the human civilisation for thousands of years. Archaeological findings have shown that the earliest production of wine can be traced back to 8000BC in the regi on of modern day Georgia, Iran and Armenia (Merveonur, M. 2011). Since then the art of vinification has been continually evident throughout history with its significance highlighted in many of the world’s greatest cultures.Take for example the ancient Egyptians of third millennia BC that used wine for sacred ceremonies or the ancient Greeks that traditionally conducted symposiums (social parties) by drinking wine in large groups (Biers, W. 1980). Throughout the ages wine has undoubtabley been valued for its significance in society, culture and even religion, with its importance still prevalent in the modern world. In Australia, the exportation of wine currently contributes an astounding $6 billion dollars to the nation’s economy (Adams, P. 2005).In fact, Australia is recognised as the fourth largest exporter of wine in the world. The country’s eight constitutive states all commercially produce wine of high quality with vineyards occupying approximately 160,000 h ectares throughout Australia (Wine Australia, 2010). States such as Victoria and South Australia are internationally renowned for producing highly exquisite wines that undergo the finest vinification. The process of producing wine is one that involves multitudinous techniques and requires a thorough scientific understanding referred to as Oenology.Oenology is the modern study of winemaking encompassing everything from the initial fruit growth to the extensive chemistry behind the entire process (Boulton, R. 1996). Vinification ultimately consists of many biochemical processes that must be carefully monitored and controlled to ensure success. The primary chemical process involved in any wine is the initial fermentation which is responsible for the formation of ethanol. During this stage, common fruit carbohydrates such as glucose and fructose are converted to alcohol through anaerobic yeast respiration (Fugelsang, C. 1997).Ultimately, the yeast which are facultative fungal organisms provide enzymes that break down sugar molecules while releasing Ethanol and Carbon Dioxide as by-products through the exothermic reaction: C6H1206 —>2CH3CH2OH + 2CO2 + 115kj/mol. Winemakers will usually stop the fermentation process once a desired alcohol level is achieved however the fermentation can naturally stop after reaching a certain level of alcohol that subsequently becomes toxic to the yeast thus killing them (Smith, D. 2009). Once fermentation is over, many wines may display signs of turbidity or cloudiness.This is due to suspended particulates such as proteins, tannins, phenols or dead yeast cells that cause haziness in wine when not removed. These particles can precipitate out of the wine naturally under the influence of gravity however this is a lengthy process and those that want fast results rely on chemical clarification. Chemicals for the purpose of wine clarification are known as fining or flocculation agents and are widely used in the wine industry. These agents are commonly derived from Earths, Proteins, Carbons, Synthetic polymers, Polysaccharides and other substances (Zoecklein, B. 988). It is extremely important that a commercial wine be cleared of any suspended impurities so that it appeals to the consumer. Fining agents generally clarify the wine in three different methods including electrostatic attraction, absorption or enzymatic break down (Main, M. 1995). The most common method however is through electrostatic attraction as this is displayed by the majority of fining agents. Theoretically the suspended particles in wine all carry a corresponding electrical charge therefore by dding a fining agent of the opposite charge the particles adsorb to the surface of the fining molecule forming heavy clumps (refer to appendix figure 1). The clumps rapidly sink to the bottom due to their high density relative to that of the wine (Guerra, B. 2008). Ultimately, three fining agents were selected as test subjects for the experiment that w as to be conducted. These agents include: Bentonite which is aluminium phyllosilicate clay with a negative charge, Isinglass; a collagen derived from fish that carries a positive charge and Kieselsol/gelatine which is a fining agent utilizing both a positive and negative charge. 3. 0- Aim:The general aim of this scientific investigation is to assess the efficiency and clarification capabilities of three difference fining agents including; Bentonite, Isinglass and Kieselsol/Gelatine. The results obtained from the wines treated with fining agents will be contrasted to those obtained from the wine without the presence of a fining agent. This will indicate any trends in the data as to which fining agent is most efficient and if there is a great difference between the rate of clarification of the wines subject to chemical fining as opposed to the wine subject to natural clarification under the influence of gravity alone.By testing parameters such as Ph, Turbidity, Sediment level, Alcohol content and Electrical conductivity some relationships between the results obtained and variables will be analysed to justify the efficiency of the flocculation agents. 4. 0- Hypothesis: It can be hypothesised that all three fining agents will have noticeably different effects on the wine clarity. The ‘Kwik Clear’ agent is predicted to exhibit the greatest impact on clarification as it comprises of both Kieselsol and Gelatine which are agents of opposite charges.This will hypothetically create more lees as the negative and positive charges together will in turn attract more suspended particulates of either electrostatic charge. On the other hand, the negatively charged Bentonite agent is also expected to demonstrate immense fining capacity due to its great molecular surface area that will prompt the adsorption of high amounts of positively charged particles. The Isinglass agent is ultimately expected to perform less desirably as it is by nature a delicate, positively c harged agent with weak fining abilities due to it fragile molecular structure.Finally, the wine without the presence of fining agents (the control), will undoubtabley show the least satisfactory results in terms of clarification. Some sedimentation may occur due to the natural impact of gravity however this will be limited and substantially less in comparison to the wine treated with fining agents. 5. 0- Safety Analysis Due to the topic of this assessment (wine making), the laboratory has been used extensively for nearly all aspects of this assignment including the creation of wine and testing. Safety precautions must therefore be exercised together with strict lab etiquette to prevent dangers arising.Students must remember at all times to abide by the rules which include: 1. Conducting one’s self sensibly and responsibly at all time especially when handling chemicals of potent nature. 2. No food or drinks to be brought into the laboratory to prevent the possibility of contam ination with harmful substances. 3. Long hair must be firmly tied back to reduce the risk of exposure to corrosive chemicals (or the risk of contaminating the wine). 4. Safety goggles, aprons, lab coats and gloves should be worn at all times to minimise the risk of body exposure to chemicals especially the eyes. . All experimental instructions must be read and understood precisely before conducting the experiment. 6. Sitting on top of the laboratory benches is prohibited. 7. Sitting on chairs while performing chemical experiments is forbidden. 8. The labels of chemicals utilized must always be read so that one is aware of the risks and nature of the particular chemical. 9. Extreme caution must be taken when handling glass apparatus to ensure no breakage. 10. Any breakage or chemical spills must be immediately reported to the teacher so that the risk may be quickly contained. 11.Carrying chemicals or glass across the room is not advisable and carries a great degree of risk. 12. Runni ng whilst in the premises is strictly forbidden 13. All students must wear closed in shoes to protect feet from spills that may run down the benches. 14. All individuals must be aware of the nearest fire exits and have an understanding of how to use the fire blanket in case of emergency. 15. Any skin contact with chemicals must be quickly reported to the teacher and subsequently washed under running water for 20 minutes or the eye bath when contact has occurred with the eyes. 16.Any instructions given by the teacher must be followed without hesitation. Note: During the course of the wine making, student are required to perform titrations which require the handling of some extremely noxious chemicals including carcinogens, potent acids and allergens that must by all means be handled with immense care. Many chemicals also have the tendency to cause problems with the respiratory system when inhaled thus any chemical must be distanced from the nose or mouth. 6. 0- Equipment and Material s. Initial wine making: Supplied by school 1. 5L Demijohn with stopper (fermenter) 2.Air-Lock 3. Plastic bucket 4. Wine making yeast 5. Tartaric acid 0. 5tsp 6. Nutrient (Diammonium Sulfate, Ammonium Sulfate or Ammonia Phosphate) 7. Sodium Metabisulphite wash solution (0. 5tsp in 0. 5L of water) 8. Campden tablets 9. Pectinase 10. Funnel 11. Sleeve 12. Plastic champagne cork 13. Plastic tubing 14. Balloon 15. Cottonwool 16. Hydrometer 17. Vinometer 18. 100mg Vitamin C tablets as preservatives Initial wine making: Supplied by student 1. Tea towel 2. 6-8 very ripe bananas 3. 150g Sultanas 4. 8kg very ripe fruit (oranges for this group) 5. 3 tea bags 6. 7x 750mL Wine bottlesAdding/preparing the fining agents: 1. Bentonite (Brewcraft) (solid form) 2. Isinglass (Brewcraft) (liquid form) 3. Kieselsol/Gelatine (Kwik Clear) (liquid form) 4. 2x small beakers 5. 1x 0. 1mL increment glass pipette and 1x medium 1mL increment glass pipette. 6. Electronic scales 7. Plastic milkshake cup (to blend Bentonite) 8. Electric blender 9. Distilled water Testing the wine for all parameters: 1. PH meter 2. Hydrometer 3. Vinometer 4. Turbidity tube 5. EC meter 6. Ruler or tape measure (for sediment measurement) 7. Wine samples 8. 4x beakers 250mL 9. 1x large measuring cylinder 10.Distilled water 11. Disinfectant solution (Sodium percarbonate) 12. Funnel 13. Gloves Performing the titration for alcohol concentration: 1. 10mL wine sample 2. 60mL of Potassium Dichromate 3. 100mL Standard sodium thiosulphate solution (0. 1M) 4. 30mL of 40% sulphuric acid 5. 6 g Potassium Iodide 6. 250mL distilled water 7. starch indicator (starch solution, freshly made) 8. 10mL pipette 9. 2 ? 20mL pipettes 10. pipette filter 11. 250mL volumetric ? ask 12. 3 ? 250mL conical ? asks with stoppers 13. 10mL measuring cylinder 14. small funnel 15. burette and stand 16. white tile 17. hot water bath 8. thermometer 19. spatula 20. electronic balance 21. safety glasses 7. 0- Procedures/Methods 7. 1- Initial wine ma king procedure: 1. Pour sachets of yeast into a 750mL bottle with the addition of 2 tbsp sugar, 0. 5 tbsp acid and half-fill the bottle with water placing a balloon over the neck when finished. 2. Fill the bottle with water when the balloon has popped up. Replace the balloon afterwards. 3. Once the balloon ‘pops up’ a second time, put the bottle in the fridge. 4. Wash bucket, knife, working surface and all fruit with sodium metabisulphite solution. Avoid rinsing fruit! 5.Remove any really bad parts off the fruit. (it’s not a problem if the fruits are mildly squashed or discoloured). 6. Chop the fruit into approximately six pieces each and place into bucket. 7. Add/mix the following into the fruit: 0. 75 tbsp acid, 0. 75 tbsp nutrients, 0. 75 tbsp Pectinase or 7. 5 drops Pectinol, 7. 5mL Sodium metabisulphite, 150g sultanas, 6-8 bananas, 3 tea bags and 7. 5L water. 8. Leave to rest for 24 hours. 9. Once 24 hours have passed, ass half of the bottle of yeast from st ep 3 and 750g sugar to the bucket. Stir well, then put a plate on top of the fruit. This will keep it in the liquid.The whole thing should be covered with a damp towel. 10. Add an additional 1. 5 tbsp of sugar to the yeast bottle and fill with water. Replace the balloon in the process. 11. Begin stirring the bucket with fruit once a day for 3-4 days consecutively. 12. The funnel, strainer and fermenter must be washed with sodium metabisulphite solution for adequate disinfection. 13. Transfer the liquid contents of the bucket into the fermenter using the funnel and discard any solids in the process. 14. Any remaining liquid must be placed in bottles, stoppered with cottonwool in the neck and placed in the fridge. 5. Use sodium metabisulphite to fill the airlock to half of each chamber. 16. After a week has passed, use PVC tubing to transfer the liquid at the top into the bucket, ensuring the lees (sediment) is left at the bottom during siphoning. 17. Discard the lees, rinse out the f ermenter and then replace the liquid back into the fermenter. Use bottles from step 14 to top up the fermenter as needed. Taste and add 150 g of sugar if it is too dry. Also add 5mg of Campden tablets. (Warning: Campden sulphur allergies) 18.Repeat step 16-17 (which is a process called racking) about once a week for 3-4 weeks. If sugar added, a record must be kept of the exact quantity. 19. When clearing from the top of the wine has initiated, the airlock chambers are evening out and the hydrometer reading is between 1005 and 995, repeat step 16. 20. Taste the samples. If a sweet wine is desired, put 100-150g of sugar in a saucepan and cover with wine fermenter. Heats until the sugar has dissolved and then gradually add this to the wine until the desired balance of sweetness is obtained. 21.Add 10ml of Sodium metabisulphite and 1000mg of orange flavoured vitamin C (as a preservative). 22. Wash bottles and cork in the solution of sodium metabisulphite and shake out but don’t r inse. 23. Put wine into bottles and cork storing it in a cool dark place. **(refer to journal for information about the key ingredients of the wine making process) 7. 2- Addition of fining agents including ratio calculation: Isinglass Note: The wine used for each fining agent was racked moments before adding the agents. This ensured that any sediment formation with the fining agents would be easily noticeable and recordable. . Read the instructions on the back of the Brewcraft Isinglass bottle. These instructions stipulate that 10mL are mixed in 25L of wine with the 10mL firstly mixed in a 250mL aliquot before being added to the bulk. 2. The wine bottles used in this experiment contained 750mL of wine therefore calculations were performed to find how much Isinglass must be added to 750mL. 3. Firstly divide 10mL by 25,000mLwhich equal 4Ãâ€"10-4. 4. Secondly, multiply 4Ãâ€"10-4 by 750mL which equals 0. 3mL (this is the amount of Isinglass to be used for 750mL of wine). 5.To find how much of the 750mL of wine must be used to initially pre mix the isinglass before adding it to the bulk, the following was calculated: 25,000mL divided by 250mL equals 100; 750mL divided by 100 is equal to 7. 5. Therefore 7. 5mL of wine must be mixed with 0. 3mL of Isinglass before adding it to the 750mL bulk. 6. Extract 7. 5mL of wine using a small disinfected pipette placing this aliquot in a small beaker. 7. Extract 0. 3mL of isinglass with a small disinfected pipette and place it in the beaker with the 7. 5mL aliquot. 8. Mix the fining agent in the aliquot of wine for a few minutes making sure to swirl it as well. . Using a funnel, replace the mixed aliquot back into the 750mL bulk. 10. Label the bottle, indicating the fining agent used and the dosage. 11. Place cottonwool in the neck and return bottle to the fridge. **(refer to journal for information regarding Isinglass) 7. 2- Addition of fining agents including ratio calculation: Kieselsol/Gelatine (Kwik Clear) 1. Read the in structions on the side of the Kwik Clear box. These instructions specify that 2mL of Bottle A (containing Kieselsol) must be added per gallon of wine. 2mL of Bottle B (containing Gelatine) must also be added per gallon. . Simple calculations were conducted to find how much of Bottle A and B is to be use for the 750mL bottles. Firstly 1 Galloon equals 4. 5 litres therefore 4500mL divided by 750mL equals 6. 3. 2mL divided by 6 equals 0. 33mL hence, 0. 33mL of both Bottle A and B is to be mixed into 750mL of wine. 4. Premix is not required for Kwik Clear therefore the fining agents can be directly added to the 750mL bulk. 5. Using a small disinfected pipette, take 0. 33mL of Bottle A and place it directly into the 750mL wine. 6. Stir well, then wait approximately 30 minutes before adding Bottle B. . Using a small disinfected pipette, extract 0. 33mL of Bottle B and place it into the bulk. 8. Mix well then label the bottle to include the name of the fining agent in use and the dosage. 9 . Stopper the bottle with cottonwool and return it to the fridge until ready for testing. **(refer to journal for basic information about Kwik clear (Kieselsol/ Gelatine fining) 7. 3- pH testing: 1. Put on gloves and gather all necessary equipment. 2. Thoroughly disinfect the four beakers, the tip of the pH meter and the funnel with sodium percarbonate solution. 3.Run distilled water over the tip of the pH meter until a neutral ph of between 6. 5-7. 5 is reached (this will ensure that the pH meter is configured properly). 4. Carefully pour an adequate sample of wine in a beaker. 5. Slowly dip the tip of the pH meter and leave it in the wine until the pH value on the monitor becomes constant. 6. Record the value and return the sample of wine to its corresponding bottle using a funnel (make sure the sample is returned from the bottle it was taken from as it would be very undesirable to accidently mix the agents. This would corrupt the whole experiment). 7.Repeat steps 2-6 for all the wines. **(refer to journal for basic information regarding Ph-(power of hydrogen) 7. 4- Vinometer testing: 1. Put on gloves and gather all necessary equipment. 2. Make sure to disinfect the four beakers, the vinometer and the funnel with sodium percarbonate solution. 3. The vinometer testing requires handling of the wine with hands therefore the hands must be disinfected prior to testing or if gloves are worn, make sure the gloves are disinfected as well especially if used in prior tests. 4. While holding the vinometer over a beaker, pour wine into it so that the wine covers the entire vinometer. . Apply pressure using the thumb on the vinometer opening as though pushing the wine in (this will ensure any bubble formations are removed). 6. Once confident that no bubbles are evident flip the vinometer upside down allowing the wine to fall into the beaker. 7. Bring the vinometer up to eye level and read the scale after the fluid has settled (the level is sometimes hard to see as it is very thin). 8. Record the value; this is usually in %v/v alcohol. 9. Repeat steps 2-8 for all the wines. **(refer to journal for basic information regarding Vinometer (% alcohol concentration). . 5- Hydrometer testing: 1- Put on gloves and gather all necessary equipment. 2. Wash all four beakers, the hydrometer, the measuring cylinder and the funnel with sodium percarbonate solution. 3. Carefully fill the cylinder to about 80% with a sample of wine. 4. Gently lower the hydrometer into the wine making sure it does not touch the bottom or the side of the cylinder. 5. Record where the surface of the wine contacts the hydrometer. 6. Repeat step 2-5 for each wine ***(Note: The Hydrometer testing was done incorrectly thus giving inaccurate results throughout each trial.This mistake was only noticed after testing was concluded therefore there was no way of repeating the results. All results obtained a hydrometer reading of 1. 030 which indicates there has been a general mistake with the pr ocedure. The group decided not to use the Hydrometer due to this flaw)*** 7. 6- Turbidity testing (with tube): 1. Place gloves on both hands and gather all necessary equipment. 2. Wash the turbidity tube and funnel in the disinfectant sodium percarbonate solution. 3. Carefully pour wine into the turbidity tube by small increments at a time. 4.Look for when the black lines at the bottom of the tube become slightly visible just enough to see the lines. 5. Record the value at which the lines are slightly visible (this is the turbidity in NTU). 6. Repeat steps 2-5 for each wine. **(refer to journal for information about Turbidity) 7. 7 Sediment level (with ruler): 1. Carefully hold the wine bottle against and angle of strong light until the lees is visible (making sure not to disturb the sediment greatly). 2. Use a ruler to measure the sediment level from the bottom of the bottle to the point at which it finishes. . Record the results to the nearest mm. 4. Repeat step 1-3 for each wine (Note: Sediment measurement should be tested first before anything else so that the lees is not disturbed from movement 7. 8 Electric Conductivity (EC meter): 1. Put on gloves and gather all necessary equipment. 2. Thoroughly disinfect the four beakers, the tip of the EC meter and the funnel with sodium percarbonate solution. 3. Run distilled water over the tip of the EC meter until a reading of 0 is obtained (this will ensure that the EC meter is configured properly). 4.Carefully pour an adequate sample of wine in a beaker. 5. Slowly dip the tip of the EC meter and leave it in the wine until the Electrical conductivity value on the monitor becomes constant. 6. Record the value and return the sample of wine to its corresponding bottle using a funnel (make sure the sample is returned from the bottle it was taken from as it would be very undesirable to accidently mix the agents. This would corrupt the whole experiment). 7. Repeat steps 2-6 for all the wines. **(refer to journal for in formation about EC (Electric Conductivity) 7. EC Conversion to TDS using mathematical formula: 1. The formula stipulates that TDS (ppm or mg/L) = F x EC where F is a factor of 0. 6 and EC is the electrical conductivity in Microsiemens per centimetre. 2. The results taken by the EC meter in class are given in millisiemens therefore to covert to microsiemens simply multiply by 1000. 3. Take the number in microsiemens and multiply it by a factor of 0. 6 as stated by the formula. 4. This is the measurement in TDS (ppm). 7. 10 Alcohol Titration method: 1. Place a 10mL aliquot of wine in a 250mL volumetric flask ( using a small pipette). 2.Distilled water is then used to fill the volume up to the 250mL mark. 3. Take a 20mLaliquot from the 250mL solution and place it in a conical flask. 4. Step 3 must be repeated twice so that there are three flasks to use in 3 separate trials. 5. To every flask a 20mL aliquot of 0. 04 Molar Potassium Dichromate is added. 6. 10mL of 40% sulphuric acid is a dded to every flask with the aid of a measuring cylinder and the teacher (the teacher will have to do this step due to the potency of the acid). 7. Each flask should be stoppered loosely and heated in a water bath at 45-50*c. (water bath must not exceed 50*c). . Once 10 minutes have passed, remove the flasks and add 2 g of Potassium Iodine to all flasks. 9. Fill the burette with Thiosulphate solution (0. 1 Molar). 10. Begin the titration, titrating the contents of the flask with the 0. 1M Thiosulphate solution. When the brown colour of the titrated solution becomes green add 1-2mL Starch. The equivalence point is noticed when the solution turns from blue to light green. 11. Record the result of the titres. 7. 11 Alcohol titration calculations: **(Refer to journal for titration calculations) 8. 0- Results and Data Analysis: 8. 1- graph 1 – PH over time:The above graph displays the pH obtained for each wine over the 5 trials conducted. Initially before adding the clearing agent s, the wine was tested to be at pH 4 as indicated at ‘trial 0’. After the clearing agents were added the pH remained at 4 however the Isinglass fined wine increased to pH 4. 3. Standard wine must be kept at a pH range between 3. 2 and 4. 1 therefore anything over 4. 1 raises alarms and action must be taken to lower the pH using acidic substances. Ultimately 1g of Tartaric acid was added to all wines during trial 1 and subsequently resulted in the decrease in pH observed from trial 1-3.Trial 3 was the point at which the pH of all four wines was recorded at a constant 3. 2 indicating that the Tartaric acid was successful at lowering the pH by almost 1 for all four wines. From trial 3-5 the pH of all the wines is seen to fluctuate once again this is due to the fact that the effects of the tartaric acid have ceased therefore the pH system increases and decreases accordingly as it tries to find a new state of equilibrium. This trend can be related to Le Chateliers principle which states that â€Å"If a system at equilibrium is disturbed, then the system adjusts itself so as to minimise the disturbance.At the end of trial 5 all four wines fell between a stable pH range however following the low pH of trial 3, Isinglass fluctuated to pH 3. 7 as seen in trial 5. This raises the possibility that the pH of Isinglass may have continued to raise. 8. 2- Graph 2 – Alcohol %v/v over time The above is the comparison of alcohol content for all the wines over the 5 trials conducted. All wines clearly tend to show a percentage of alcohol between 4-6% throughout the trials with the overall average being 4. 2%. At the end of trial 5, all four wines recorded a stable 4%v/v alcohol however this is unusual considering that wines are typically 7-14%v/v.The 11%v/v recorded for the control at trial 3 is believed to be due to error as there is no justifiable reason for such an instantaneously high fluctuation. It is seen that all wines containing fining agents record ed an alcohol level that was similar to each other; this was ultimately expected as fining agents do not typically affect alcohol level. These readings from the vinometer can ultimately be relied upon as alternative alcohol testing through the more accurate titration method showed that the alcohol level was at approximately 5% which is the most common value presented throughout the vinometer testing. . 3- Graph 3- Sediment level over time Displayed above is the graphical analysis of the sediment level recorded over time for each wine. There is a clear indication that the wine finned with Bentonite produced the most lees followed by the Gelatine/Kieselsol and then the Isinglass which accumulated the least amount of lees out of the three clearing agents. Overall however, the control (wine without fining agent) showed a very limited accumulation of sediment therefore indicating that sedimentation rate is slower without a presence of a clearing agent.Interestingly the Bentonite also rec orded instant sedimentation of 1. 5cm for the first trial which is more than twice as much as that of the Gelatine/Kieselsol and three times more than the Isinglass and control. The control also displayed the slowest rate of accumulation of lees with a 0. 1cm increase occurring once every 2 trials. Some results show a drop in sediment level; this should ultimately be ignored as the measurement of sediment encompasses an uncertainty of (+- 0. 5cm) therefore the recorded drop in sediment may just be an indication of no change. . 4 – Graph 4- Difference in sediment level over time: The above graph has been constructed to aid in the interpretation of the previous (Graph 3). This displays the difference in sediment level for each wine from trial to trial. Ultimately the total increase of sediment for Bentonite over the 5 trials was +1. 9cm (assuming that the –0. 1 is treated as a no increase rather than a decrease). The Kieselsol/Gelatine recorded a total increase of +1. 6c m. Isinglass obtained a total of +0. 8 and the Control showed a +0. 7 total increase over the 5 trial periods. 8. – Graph 5- Turbidity (NTU) over time: The above ‘turbidity over time’ graph ultimately displays the extent at which the wines were cleared. The results obtained for turbidity show the same trend that is seen in the sediment accumulation graph in terms of the fining agent performance. Bentonite was most effective at clearing the wine, bringing the turbidity down from 600 to 250NTU followed by Kieselsol/Gelatine which was successful in a turbidity reduction from 600 to 300 NTU. Isinglass again presents itself as the weakest clearing agent only clearing the wine from 600 to approximately 450NTU.The Control indicated only a slight decrease in turbidity of 50NTU in total. Notice that major reduction in turbidity for all four wines ceases from trial 3 onwards, this trend was also recorded in the sediment graph. Another trend that is seen in this graph and t he sediment accumulation graph alike is that Bentonite again appears to have the greatest initial impact out of all the fining agents. *The lack in results for trial 1 is due to not having the turbidity tube available at that time. 8. 6- Graph 6- Electric Conductivity over time:Electrical conductivity was tested purely because it can give an indication of TDS through a conversion factor. Again what is immediately noticed is that on the 5th trials, Bentonite had the greatest overall drop in EC/TDS. Followed by Kieselsol/Gelatine then Isinglass. The control showed the least overall reduction of EC/TDS and this is a trend seen in the previous Turbidity and Sediment graphs. (Refer to Journal for raw data tables and the conversion from EC to TDS) 9. 0- Discussion: Through the analysis of the results obtained, many justifications can be drawn as to the fining agent that had the greatest effect on clarification.By graphing the primary trends in turbidity and sediment level, the initial hyp othesis was ultimately rendered incorrect to some extent. It was hypothesised that the Kieselsol/Gelatine would have the greatest fining ability due to the agent being composed of both positive and negative charges. This however was not the case when the results were analysed. Ultimately the Bentonite was recorded to have the greatest fining ability followed by the Kieselsol/Gelatine and then the Isinglass which as predicted, presented itself as the weakest of the three fining agents.The Bentonite agent visibly resulted in the most sediment accumulation, recording a total of 1. 8cm of lees and a turbidity reduction of 350NTU in total. Interestingly, Bentonite also exhibited a very fast rate of efficiency with an accumulation of 1. 5cm of sediment in the very first trial (Graph 3). This was more than double the sediment level of Kieselsol/Gelatine and triple the amount recorded for Isinglass. Similar trends in rapid efficiency are seen in (Graph 5) where Bentonite is noticed to reduc e turbidity by half in the very first trial.These superior clearing abilities stem from the complex molecular composition of the substance. Bentonite is comprised of a multitude of small silicate platelets that are separated by a layer of water molecules (Zoecklein, B. 1988). During the initial Bentonite hydration performed before adding it to the wine, these platelets repel each other and subsequently pop apart. As this occurs, the platelets rearrange and immense swelling takes place which results in an enormous surface area (refer to appendix figure 2).It is this enlarged surface area that grants Bentonite the ability to absorb a greater amount of suspended matter. Further evidence shows that there are more molecular properties that can justify the dominant fining capabilities of the Bentonite agent. Foremost, Bentonite is renowned for its high cation exchange capacity (binding ability) (Catarino, S. 2007). Typically there is a tremendously fast reaction time between positively ch arged protein particulates and the negatively charge Bentonite.It is common for three-quarters of proteins to react with Bentonite within the first minute of contact (Zoecklein, B. 1988). Protein contents from an initial 50-100mg/L can be cleared to less than 10mg/L in most circumstances therefore this high clearing capacity is another reason why such elevated amounts of sediment deposits were recorded during testing. Another aspect to consider is the relationship between ethanol concentration and Bentonite. Scientific research has suggested that there is a proportional relationship between ethanol concentration and the efficiency of the Bentonite fining.This is due primarily to the fact that ethanol separates the silicate layers within the structure therefore allowing larger particles to adsorb to the surface (Harberton, J. 2009). Basically out of the three fining agents, Bentonite is the only one that exhibits this relationship with alcohol thus its flocculation ability is advanta ged when placed in an ethanol rich solution such as the wine. What can further be associated with the Bentonite’s vast flocculation ability is that the agent is not exclusively of a negative charge.Interestingly, the molecular platelet edges are comprised of a slight positive charge (AMCOL, 2005) (refer to Appendix figure 4). This gives the Bentonite an additional aptitude to bind to some negatively charged particles therefore providing a wider range of clearing potential. When looking back on the results obtained, the hypothesis was validated to the extent that the wine without a fining agent (the control) showed least efficiency in clarification. As seen in Graph 3 (sediment level over time), the control not only accumulated very small amounts of sediment but also did this at a very slow rate.An increase of 0. 1cm is noticed only once every two trials whereas the fining agents show a substantial increase nearly every single trial. The same goes for the turbidity reduction ( Graph 5) where the control is seen to take approximately three trial periods to attain a decrease of a mere 50NTU. Although the control showed signs of clearing due to gravity, it is substantially slower than that of the fining agents. A scientific principle set out by physicist George Stokes in 1851, aids in the conceptualisation of why the fining agents are more efficient in sedimentation.Stokes’ law states that the rate of sedimentation of a spherical particle is directly proportional to the difference in density of the particle and the liquid, the acceleration due to gravity and the radius of the particle (Stoyanov, P. 1980). By the application of this law, it stands to reason that a fining agent causes swifter sedimentation as it increases the radius of the particles through electrostatic binding and this in turn causes the particles to have a greater density ultimately increasing the rate of clarification It was also initially hypothesised that Isinglass would perform l east efficiently out of the three fining agent.This was confirmed through the data analysis which showed that Isinglass produced three time less sediment than Bentonite and only reduced turbidity by 150NTU unlike Kieselsol/Gelatine which reduced turbidity by 300NTU and Bentonite which resulted in a 350NTU reduction. Isinglass was ultimately not anticipated to have great fining abilities due to its gentle nature which renders it more suitable for wine polishing rather than heavy clearing (Chorniak, J. 2007). According to external scientific sources, the overall fining rate of Isinglass stands at a low 0. 2 – 0. 1g/L-1 therefore adding justification as to the low sediment yields recorded for Isinglass in this chemistry experiment. There is however another biochemical issue that may have attributed to the underperformance of the Isinglass agent. Collagens such as isinglass are typically dependant on temperature for chemical stability. At high temperature most collagens begin to decompose on a molecular scale. Isinglass starts to denature at a relatively low temperature of approximately 10 °C.This denaturing process results in a reduction of molecular weight which consequently weakens the fining ability (Hornsey, I. 2007). Throughout the course of this experiment, the wines tested were exposed to temperature of over 18 °C hence leading to the presumption that this may have contributed to isinglass’ lack in performance. When analysing the data to a greater extent, there was a very crucial trend that was established which may have affected the performance of all the clearing agents. pH is ultimately seen to have an inversely proportion relationship with the binding ability of the fining agents.As pH increases, the strength of the electrostatic attract between the fining agent and particles is subsequently decreased. This principle is extensively evident for all three fining agents tested in this experiment. Notice that after trial 3 (graph 5) the t urbidity no longer shows improvements for both Bentonite and Isinglass and only exhibits a minimal improvement for Kieselsol/Gelatine. This is also notice for the sediment level (graph 3) which shows only very slight increases in sediment accumulation after trial 3.This reduced performance after trial 3 may be due to the fact that the pH of all wines began to fluctuate from trial 3 onwards (refer to graph 1). Overall it is seen that the clearing agents performed best when the pH was reducing during trial 1 and 2 and started to perform poorly when the pH began to fluctuate from trial 3. To comprehend this phenomenon it is important to understand the concept of the Isoelectric point (pl). Basically all proteins or other suspended particles have a certain pH at which the particles carry no net charge.If the pH of a solution is too high or near the isoelectric point, the particulates will not be sufficient in electrostatic attraction because at a high pH, the molecules carry an equal nu mber of positive and negative charges resulting in neutralisation (Zoecklein, B. 1988). This is also true for the fining agents which lose electrostatic charge when there is even a slight increase in pH. Recent studies that tested the net charge of isinglass in different pH medium show that even a small increase of 0. 5 pH resulted in the reduction of approximately half the net charge of the isinglass agent (Ward, I. 000) (refer to appendix figure 3). This evidence adds credibility to the justification that the rise in pH may have indeed contributed to the trend noticed in all the fining agents. Alternatively however there is the possibility that the fining agents simply reached their capacity and began decreasing in efficiency after trial 3 indicating that more fining must be added. Overall through the in-depth interpretation of the data; the performance of the fining agents can be justified and links can be draws as to the agent that performed the best and worst (the Bentonite and Isinglass respectively).However although this experiment was successful in giving reasonably good results it is undoubtabley encompassed by multitudinous amounts of human error and uncertainty that may render it flawed to some extent. The major flaw to this experiment is that sediment was not siphoned after every trial. The group initially chose not to siphon the lees so that results could be easily recorded. However what was not realised is that every time the wine was poured out for testing, the deposit of sediment was resuspended into the wine therefore may have resulted in highly inaccurate results especially for turbidity.Another associated human error is that members from the group at some stages touched the wine with bare hands that were not disinfected especially during Vinometer testing. This holds a great risk that the wine may have become contaminated thus predisposed to bacterial manifestation which would render the experiment invalid. Gloves were only used after the 2n d trial period once the group noticed the risk of contamination. Other possible sources of contamination include the fact that some equipment were not washed with sodium metabisulphite before making contact with the wine, this again posses high risk of bacterial growth.At one stage there was speculation whether the wine had indeed contracted a bacterial strain. This is due to the hazy/cloudy appearance of the wine despite the extensive fining that was performed. Although turbidity was slightly reduced by the fining agent, the wine still seemed awfully turbid. This could be a sign of a bacterial colony which causes a liquid to appear murky and is ultimately untreatable by the fining process. When expert opinion was consulted about the wine, it was concluded that the turbid appearance was not due to bacteria.If the wine had been infected, it would have had a very ‘off’ taste which was not indicated during the weekly wine tasting. What must be noted is that because the win e in this group was created with oranges, it will never have a very clear appearance due to the thickness and dark colouration of the orange contents. Common wines made from grapes are naturally very clear due to the transparency of the grape juice by nature. It was therefore presumed that the turbid look of the wine was due to the natural composition of the oranges it was made from.If this experiment was to be performed again, many improvements must be made to ensure more accurate and valid results. It is recommended that more emphasis must be placed into contamination control and management during the winemaking and wine testing period. This will ensure no foreign material spoil the validity of the experiment. Also there was major uncertainty in the equipment used. Firstly the ruler used to measure sediment carries a +/- 0. 5cm uncertainty which is major especially when measuring something so small such as sedimentation deposit.Maybe a more accurate measuring tool with a smaller s cale can be used in the future for the lees measurement. Furthermore all testing including pH, Turbidity, Vinometer etc were only done once every trial period whereas it is advisable to always test a sample 3 times in a row to ensure consistency in the results. This was not done in this experiment as time restraints did not allow for repeated testing. If these simple improvements can be implemented for future testing, the results will be more accurate which will in turn provide more credibility to the findings. 10- Conclusion:The process of wine making and testing was a long and arduous task that involved many procedures. Although there were some minor flaws involved with the testing, the experiment was considered an overall success. The aim from the start was to see which flocculation agent would have the greatest effect on wine clarification and through extensive testing the results clearly indicated the superior fining agent. The Bentonite was undoubtabley the most powerful flocc ulation chemical and resulted in the greatest reduction in turbidity and also the greatest increase in sedimentation.The trends and patterns in the data were evaluated and scientific justifications were made as to why each fining agent performed to the extent that was witnessed. Ultimately relationships between variables were established as explanations that coincide with the performance of the fining agents. Wine pH, alcohol level and temperature are concluded to have a drastic effect on the flocculation abilities of the fining agents. These variables must be monitored and adjusted accordingly as the efficiency of the clearing agents are found to be very dependent upon their values.For future reference, pH is seen to affect the electrostatic bonding abilities of the substances, alcohol levels have a proportional relationship to the fining abilities of Bentonite and temperature (either to low or to high) affects the efficiency of the chemical fining process especially that of the Is inglass. With this in mind it can be concluded that the fining agents did help in the clarification of the wine however were affected by many variables that must be taken into account if this experiment was to be performed in future. By Mario Mitov 11- Appendix: {FIGURE 1}.Below: Diagram of the electrostatic flocculation process exhibited by most fining agents. {FIGURE 2}, Below: A depiction of the Bentonite surface area expansion that is initiated during the hydration stage. This is one of the main reasons why Bentonite is such a powerful flocculation agent. From left to right; Water molecules between the silicate layers, Layers then pop apart during hydration, the platelets rearrange and swelling takes place, once rearrangement has occurred the surface area is greater than before hydration. Diagram sourced from (Zoecklein, B. 1988) FIGURE 3} Below: Scientific studies conducted for isinglass that shows an increase in pH results in electric charge depletion thus weakening the fining agent. {FIGURE 4}, Below: A depiction of the Bentonite molecular structure, Notice that the edges are +ve (positively charged) and the inner area is predominantly of a negative charge (-ve). Because Bentonite has slightly positive charged edges it is advantaged in its fining ability. Image sourced from http://www. amcoldetergents. com/Resources/How%20Bentonite%20Softens%20Through%20the%20Wash. pdf 12- References: Books (alphabetical order): Biers,W.The Archaeology Of Greece. 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