Musical Instruments Classification Essay

All musical instruments can be divided into four major classes: aerophones, chordophones, electrophones and percussion. The biggest and the most versatile class is aerophones which can be further subdivided into free aerophones and pipe aerophones. On the next level free aerophones fall into those with free reed and with beating reed. Beating reed aerophones are represented by single reed (organ pipes) and double reed (human voice) instruments. Free reed instruments in their turn split into those with framed and unframed reed. Each of these two groups is then subdivided according to the way they are played. Unframed reed aerophones can be wind-blown (bull-roarer, Aeolian harp), mouth-blown(leaf instrument), or mouth-blown-and-plucked (Jew’s harp) while frames reed instruments are mechanically-blown(barrel organ, orchestrion), foot-blown (harmonium, pedal concertina), hand-blown (bayan, accordion), and mouth-blown (harmonica, khaem). The pipe subclass splits into brass, reed pipe and edge pipe aerophones. Each of them is further divided into two subclasses: brass aerophones into those with (trumpet, French horn) and without (didgeridoo, trombone) valves; reed pipe into single reeds (clarinet, saxophone) and double reeds (oboe, bassoon); edge subclass into whistle flutes (whistle) and tree flutes (flute, piccolo). The second largest major class of musical instruments is percussion instruments which fall into membranophones and idiophones. Membranophones are subdivided into those with determinate pitch and with indeterminate pitch. Both of them are then classified by the type of impact: struck (roto drums, snare and bass drum), rubbed (friction drum), and blown (kazoo). Idiophones split into pitched and unpitched and then also include struck (triangle, bell, castanets), rubbed (glass harmonica), plucked (kalimba), and shaken (jingles) percussion insruments. Chordophones have only three primary subclasses: bowed chordophones (violin, cello), plucked chordophones (guitar, banjo), and struck chordophones (piano). The last class of electrophones includes electric/acoustic (electric guitar, bass etc) and electronic insrtruments. Electronic ones then split into electromagnetic (electric organ, synthesizer) and digital (MIDI keyboard, MIDI guitar).

Religious diversity Essay

A portion of chapter three talks about religious diversity wherein despite the domineering European immigrants taking part in Protestant belief during the time of colonization some were still generally not expressive about their faith or religion. Some people still keep their beliefs and practices private, if they have any such beliefs or affiliations to religious organizations. In contrast however, Asian countries still have people who openly and freely express their faith in and relationship with their Supernatural Being. Most of them assimilate their living values and beliefs from the teachings of religion in different kinds. From this topic, one can meet various people who express their faith in different manners. Muslims and Jewish, for example, express their faith by prohibiting themselves from eating pork. Meanwhile, some religious groups communicate their belief by following with piety and faith their Supreme Being in processions and the like. After reading the entire topic, the one thing I can comment on is the interest of every religious group to transmit values to its disciples despite its variation. Regardless of the religious teachings done by most institutions though, some families still have apparently considered school teachings in conflict with the families’ own beliefs and perspectives. Nevertheless, the scenario still shows that no matter how the religion of one is indifferent from the others, religion still remains to be something that has deeply marked everyone’s way of approaching to faith. And it is the simplicity of how things are done in expressing one’s faith that makes religion a combination of religious diversification and devotion. Religion in this way is promoted as an important asset for all even if they believe from different religions; young people and old, not just as personal interest, but as something that can be used to find peace for one’s mind and soul. These simple encounters from the article have taught me how to be freer to express my faith. More so, it has given me an impression to deal with all things in great fervor all for the love of my religion. Reference Olsen, G. , & Fuller, M. L. (2008) Home-School Relations: Working Successfully with Parents and Families, Third Edition. Merill.

Business Plan and Implementation.

A business plan is perceived to be a paramount tool in any business organization.   Apple Inc. is an American based company that manufactures and market mobile communication devices, portable music players. This company is the largest information technology provider in the world. The aim of this report is to create business focus, develop and prepare a plan of activities to be used as a guide to Apple Inc. in achieving its set objectives and goals. For companies to thrive, there must be established policies in conducting its operations aiming at increasing their profit margins hence continued business life.   Increasing productivity of the firm’s products, the management may employ strategies like use of new technology in their operation, review of the existing setup and implement continuous improvement approach during the process. One of the primary goals of Apple Inc. firm is to increase the productivity of information technology products. Therefore, this translates to high sales volume hence high-profit margins are achieved in the long run. The company can attain this through creating brand awareness about its products to the customers (Csiszar, 2017). Brand awareness can be accomplished through the internet (web leverage, the creation of social media presence) and sponsoring public events such as open games and golf tournaments. In the event, the products are displayed to the potential customers with disposable inc ome to purchase the product. In every business to remain active in the market, there is a need for established plan of activities declaring a day to day activities. In particular, the plan is used to map the future, to support the growth of the firm, to develop and communicate the course of action to the people and to support exit strategic management processes. Apple Inc. products remain to uphold the original company’s promises to its customers during its inception. The company operates in California and targets global markets. The company uses strategies such as Apple brand personality (focuses on emotions about how the customer feels after using the company product), Apple customer experience (all the goods must conform to Apple brands) and Apple brand halo effect. The company goal in employing such strategies is to maintain a brand promise to its potential customers (Marketing-Minds, 2016). It is much vital for any business to have proper market review requirement processes during their operations. Apple Inc. The company employs tools such as Steeple analysis technique, Scenario planning technique, critical success factor analysis (CSFA) and the five forces technique.   Also, the top management reviews market performance and the desired direction, operational matters pertaining the business and workers organization for proper performance analysis of the firm. The company operates in US based markets and other international markets across the world. Determining resource requirement is one of major goal before business operation commences. The primary purpose of the analyst in business is to give out aspects that can reduce overall costs in operation. Apple Inc. employs mechanisms such as conducting of survey cycle, scheduling brainstorming meeting and interviewing key stakeholders as some of the major processes in identifying resource required. The company is ended by the CEO being assisted by the managers (Rowland, 2017). Consultations with Stakeholders Apple Inc. needs to form both internal and external stakeholders in its operation. Internal stakeholders include the employees and company owners.   On the other hand, external stakeholders include the investors or those funding the business project (Denton, 2017). The firm consultation with stakeholders aim is to yield benefits like an evaluation of firm’s action, identification, and tracking of firm’s needs and the establishment of brand values. Through the consultation process, information flow to and from the stakeholders become much efficient. Therefore, a devised process is much vital in the organization. Developed channel to achieve this can take the form below  Ã‚   Apple Inc. needs to develop performance goal and actions techniques like a balanced scorecard. Management can include new strategies with the aim of achieving a breakthrough in operation. This mode translates strategic business objectives into performance measures. The following schematic chart gives activities flow in performance measures in Apple Inc  (Rousseau, 2015). Report on the main aspect performance measure   at different stages Apple Inc.   Incorporate scorecard technique in evaluating performance action in the management in achieving its set objectives. Executive management focuses on measurement. In all the four categories in the plan and appropriate be drafted. In particular, Apple Inc.   Being scheduled to be a PCs company, consumer loyalty measurements are merely being acquainted in arranging representatives toward turning into a client-driven organization. The company needs to build its free studies with a specific end goal to track its key market fragments in far and broad perspective. At this phase of performance measure implementation, key aspects need to addressed for the easy actualization of the company set objectives (Rousseau, 2015). In innovation and learning perspective, the development and learning goals are proposed to drive change in monetary, client, and interior process execution. At Apple Inc., such upgrades originated from an item and administration advancement that would make new wellsprings of income and market development, and also from a nonstop change in inner work forms. The primary target was measured by percent revenue from new administrations. A staff disposition study and a metric for the quantity of representative, recommendations measured regardless of whether such an atmosphere was being made. At long last, income per worker measured the results of representative duty and preparing programs. Similarly, the financial point of view included three measures of significance to the shareholder. Return-on-capital-utilized and income reflected inclinations, while consistent estimate quality flagged the corporate parent's craving to diminish the chronicled vulnerability brought about by unforeseen varieties in execution. Apple Inc. administration included two monetary measures. Extend benefit gave concentrate on the venture as the fundamental unit for arranging and control.   To create measures of inner procedures, Apple Inc. administrators characterized the life cycle of investment from dispatch to culmination. The new concentration underscored actions that incorporated key business forms. Inner reviews had uncovered that the circuitous expenses from a mishap could be 5 to 50 times the immediate costs. The scorecard included a security file, got from an extensive wellbeing estimation framework that could recognize and order every single undesired occasion with the potential for damage to individuals, property, and process (Rousseau, 2015). The firm has been able to achieve the set goals and objectives, in survey conducted indicates that there is an increase in net sales, increased revenue and minimal complaints from the potential customers. The key performance indicators used by Apple Inc. can be customer feedbacks and quality levels of the products this clearly indicate that the primary set business objectives are set by the firm. Also,   the company has devised other production strategies like patenting with the aim of venturing into wider global markets (NASDAQ, 2017). For this matter, the firm will have wide access to the customers hence enjoying benefits of economies of scale. Since the inception of business operations, Apple Inc. has shown underperformance of around 7% over the period which is an important aspect to market capitalization. Underperformance in any production firm seems to be a major challenge which ought to addressed with immediate effect. This can lead business shut down if the status becomes severe.   In recent years approximately 4.4% drop in revenue has been encountered in the firm as a result of a decrease in iPhone sales over the period (NASDAQ, 2017). To incorporate a change in the organization, bottom-up communication becomes vital goal to be pursued by the management. As a matter of fact, new skills are imparted to the workers hence improve in quality and reduced production cycles. An excellent training model must have five steps namely; first understanding the areas underperforming, planning and preparation, execution and lastly assessing to gauge its functionality. This plan seems to restate Apple Inc. to uplift its underperformed areas (Denton, 2017). Apple's Product Development Process might be a standout amongst the best outline handle at any point actualized. The step is to design layout at the forefront; design teams are separated from the large company, reviewing and lastly packaging of the product ready to the ready (IDF, 2012). Plan goals and objectives need to be communicated to the recipients through the right channel like print or online at the start of the operation. The staff ought to be up to the tasks infirm. In developing performance reports, the message needs to be precise mainly for the recipients to understand quickly.Graphic rating scale method was employed in tracking the performance. More important, production variances were identified through revenue checks. Lastly, recommendations of more improved models become paramount to Apple Inc. Csiszar, J. (2017). How to Increase Brand Awareness for a Product. Retrieved from Chron: https://smallbusiness.chron.com/increase-brand-awareness-product-41158.html Denton, P. (2017). Report to UN Environment Major Groups and Stakeholders, Region of North America. IDF. (2012). Apple’s Product Development Process – Inside the World’s Greatest Design Organization. Retrieved from Interaction Design: https://www.interaction-design.org/literature/article/apple-s-product-development-process-inside-the-world-s-greatest-design-organization Marketing-Minds. (2016). Apple's Branding Strategy. Retrieved from Marketing minds: https://www.marketingminds.com.au/apple_branding_strategy.html NASDAQ. (2017, Feb 21). Apple Inc. (AAPL) Company Financials. Retrieved from Nasdaq: https://www.nasdaq.com/symbol/aapl/financials?query=income-statement Rousseau, M. B. (2015). Organizational Narcissism: Scale development and firm outcomes. Journal of Organizational Culture, Communication, and Conflict, 19(1), 159. Rowland, C. (2017). Company Analysis: Business Potential & Performance. Retrieved from Panmore: https://panmore.com/apple-inc-operations-management-10-decisions-areas-productivity

Ecotourism in China Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Ecotourism in China - Term Paper Example Some of the core areas where ecotourism intends to operate are: facilitating environmental sustainability and ecological conservation of different types of habitats that may exist in a certain geographical region. In addition to this, ecotourism pre-dominantly accentuates upon the social aspects and dimensions of tourism, rather than focusing on acquiring commercial and monetary gains only. Different agendas and programs, which are launched and initiated under the banner of ecotourism policies, intend to launch schemes and awareness programs. By the help of these programs, they can educate and inform people at a massive level. This education looks at different ways through which people can play a proactive role in bettering their very own environment. At the same time, it also urges them to make efforts through which sustainable development of environment is possible. Case of Yixian valley and Ecotourism in China The Yixian Valley is located about 450 km from Shanghai, in the south o f Anhui Province and close to Huangshan. It’s famous for "Yellow Mountains", landscapes and pleasant weather. This valley is a member of the global network of UNESCO Geoparks. By the end of 2004, benefiting from very high investments, the region implemented 290 projects in eight key programs. These programs were aimed at the development of ecotourism, organic farming, and preservation of scenic beauty, energy enhancement, water work industry, development planning and transport. The key selection criteria due to which Yixian has been selected, is the fact that it is one of those places in the country where some serious and high level efforts for the development of ecotourism have taken place in recent years. This place has also been a centre of ecotourism investment, even for... The paper describes some of the fundamental organizations which are playing a proactive part and role in ensuring the sustainability of ecotourism in China. An important company to mention in this context is Wild China. This company was founded in 2000 by entrepreneur Zhang Mei, a Chinese native of Yunnan Province, who was educated in the United States. The company decided to help the government of the province to develop its tourist economy while preserving the beauty of places and cultures. Since its founding, Wild China is naturally oriented towards ecotourism. It started by organizing custom tours for individual travelers and has always proposed routes outside areas traditionally popular with mass tourism. It deliberately started its operations in the western provinces, such as Qinghai and Gansu, where no one was operational in 2000. At that time, all agencies were facing east, the most developed region of China. From the very beginning, the company only worked with local guides, train and paying tourists. It was a revolution since many guides in China are poorly paid and are forced to pay commissions to stores from where they take groups. It also marketed on saving paper by printing brochures on recycled paper and refraining from using plastic in its operations. In places like Beijing, they tried to take tourists to areas less frequented and organized meals with the residents, as well as the traditional tai-chi workshops. Since then, that unique business proposition of Wild China has been copied! For them, the goal is not to "make China" but to meet Chinese people.

International Marketing Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

International Marketing - Assignment Example Three aspects of McDonald’s global marketing management are discussed – the degree of standardization or adaptation of marketing mix, the globalization model employed, and the country of origin effect, of McDonald’s international operations. 1.0 Standardization or adaptation of McDonald’s marketing mix Critically analyse the extent that your chosen global brand’s marketing mix is standardised and/or adapted across international markets. Conclude by providing a 2-3 paragraph summary that discusses whether you consider this to be an appropriate strategy(s). Remember to support your answer. Product – McDonald’s continuously innovates its products in line with the changing tastes and preferences of its local market. An example is McDonald’s Indian market, where the customers are predominantly vegetarian. As a result of adaptation, the company removed some of its popular international offerings – ham, beef, and mutton burgers – from its menu, and instead offered a predominantly vegetarian menu. It does, however, offer Chicken Maharaja Mac, a recent concoction based on consumer taste. In Spain it has McMuffin con Huevo, and in Hawaii it has Kahuna Burger (Nation’s Restaurant News, 2005). Illustrated below is one of the localized products of McDonald’s, and a curiosity among Western customers used to the Big Mac. Below is shown the vegetarian burger specially developed for the Indian market, with the ingredients and taste custom designed to suit this growing market. Source: Bhartiya, et al., 2008, p. 22 Place – McDonald’s policy on place, specifically referring to distribution channels, is to have its product available to the customer at the right place, at the right time, and in the right quantity and quality. In the USA, nearly half of all customers are within a 3 minute drive to an outlet of McDonald’s. In the outlets, customers are offered McDonald’s â⠂¬Ëœvalue propositions’ – hygienic environment, pleasant ambience, specially programmed music, polite and prompt service. Certain areas are dedicated to children where an indoor playground is usually situated. More recently, internet wifi service has been provided. As far as place is concerned, McDonald’s maintains the same quality standard worldwide. Price – McDonald’s strategy of affording value pricing and bundling strategies are largely standardized, such as the happy meal, combo meal, and family meal, for which it offers discounted pricing. However, as to the price vis-a-vis meal portions, these are strategically adjusted to target the middle and lower income consumers. Promotion – McDonald’s promotional thrust is a combination of standardization and adaptation. Standardization is evident in the style, the message, and the use of the same mascots, particularly Ronald McDonald who has represented the company throughout the world s ince 1963. A market study determined that Ronald McDonald has the second highest name recall

Organisational behaviour individual case study assignment

Organisational behaviour individual case study - Assignment Example The purchase of Costwise by Orton therefore presents possibilities for synergy in that Costwise stores presently existing, and the strong turnover figures it has been registering, would provide an added capacity for Orton and shall extend its reach to markets it does not currently serve. While the two companies cater to the retail merchandising industry, they have markedly different strategic thrusts. Orton caters to a homogeneous market, Costwise caters to varied markets in different locations. The management styles were also different, a matter which is to be expected because of the different markets they cater to. Orton’s management style is centralized and more-or-less autocratic, because all decisions and plans emanate from the center, including matters involving pricing, product offerings, salaries, new hires, promotions, and so forth. On the other hand, Costwise, when it was operating as an independent concern, devolved many managerial decision-making functions to the s tores. The stores were therefore able to establish store practices and devise market strategies that were particularly effective in the localities they operated in. This accounted for the loyal patronage and strong turnovers generated by this store from the local communities the individual stores operated in. While Costwise employees had a running quarrel with management about the When the acquisition pulled through, Orton, as the dominant entity, imposed its own methods, processes and policies on Costwise. Aside from the organizational structure and culture, management style, and market strategy, the employees were aware of a general sense of being ignored and disregarded by management, and therefore no longer performed at the same level they used to, which was reflected in the noticeable drop in revenues. This, coupled with higher costs related to the merger activities and the change in image of the emergent firm, has resulted in a drop in profit or even potential losses if the tr end continues. II. The likely motivational state of Costwise employees When speaking of motivation, it is best to view the Orton case through the framework of Herzberg’s Motivation-Hygiene Theory. According to this theory, there are two factors that influence the attitude and behaviour of individuals towards their work – the hygiene or maintenance factors, and the motivators (Mukherjee, 2009, p. 152). The two types of factors both work to influence the behaviour and attitudes of workers, but in different ways. 1. The hygiene factors The maintenance or hygiene factors are those factors which, if absent, cause dissatisfaction, but even if present, do not necessarily create a positive attitude towards work. Thus, hygiene factors must be present to prevent dissatisfaction. They are mostly related to the environmental or extrinsic factors, rather than the context of the job (Davies & Hertig, 2007, p. 81). In the David Orton case, one might say that the hygiene factors that were determinative of the attitudes of the Costwise employees are their pay, the need to be informed about matters that bear upon their working conditions, and security at their jobs. In this case, the employees had been expecting a ‘levelling up’ of their salaries, a natural expectation in light of the higher salaries enjoyed by their counterparts

Human Resource Information systems Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Human Resource Information systems - Essay Example They should be well equipped with leadership and motivational tools to facilitate the employees for better performance. The HR team should itself be motivated and work in accordance with the organizations objectives. The key elements that make an HR team extraordinary, is a team that encourages creativity, respect diversity and aims to improve the professional advancement as well as wellbeing of employees. It should have proper information system for their transactional activities like payroll, employee status changes and record keeping. With a proper IS in place, there will be minimum paper work required and the large chunks of data can be easily stored in databases, files and tapes which can further help in analysis of these records. In case of traditional HR, where HR professionals deal with training, recruiting, performance management, planning and compensation, a proper IS in place will make the entire process more easier and effective, having specially designed systems such as Learning management system, performance management system etc. Transformational activities that deal with strategic decision making, cultural or organization change, or increasing innovation, are one of the most important tasks of an HR department. The effective running of these activities is vital for an ideal HR department as they add value to the organization. With proper IS such as MIS or a Decision Support System in place for strategic decision making, such decisions can be taken with more ease and effectiveness. As mentioned in the earlier section, Human Resource plays a critical role in business. It not only helps in setting policies, motivating the employees, managing employee information but it actually plays a central role in streamlining the business processes. With the new technologies evolving and businesses adopting different information systems to help them run their business processes such as order processing

Reflective Diary on Health-Issues Personal Statement

Reflective Diary on Health-Issues - Personal Statement Example Hopefully they can care for themselves until they are much older, but there needs to be places for them to go when they do need care. Having more and more elderly care facilities built would alleviate some of the problem for the society. America's aging population. The "baby-boom" generation is entering its peak health-care-using period. In fact, over eighty million Americans will turn 50 in the next 10 years. The cost of providing health care to them will be staggering. (Lowery and Heuer) Many elderly people fall ill and are being taken care of by family until the resources are drained. What if they do not have family and they are not found in time, it just is upsetting that there are not more places to house them. Personally, we all have known an elderly person or someone who comes down with an illness. We are all affected by health issues. It was sad to have my grandmother have to go in a home because she couldn't walk. The reason it was so sad was that she wanted to stay in her home and live there until she died, but she couldn't. She had to be in a home. It took long, hard work to find a home where my grandmother could stay, but I am grateful that they had room. Lots of other homes were filled. Without more homes there will not be enough places to take in these elderly people that so desperately need care. I hope they make more homes to care for them in the future so that everyone can find a place to stay when they are older. Another health issue that I think about is the rising cost of healthcare and the lack of companies wanting to provide healthcare to their workers. As the cost of healthcare rises, so do the needs of the many people that need to get care. The people that depend on medicines to stay healthy also need ways to get what they need. Without health insurance the expenses are so enormous that they may not even go to a doctor without it. There should be coverage provided for all workers so that just in case something happens to them, they can afford to go to the doctor without going bankrupt. More than 18,000 adults in the USA die each year because they are uninsured and can't get proper health care, researchers report in a landmark study released Tuesday. (Sternberg) Another health issue that concerns me is the care that is given to illegal aliens when they are in this country without being a citizen. Because the hospitals have to care for anyone whether they are or are not citizens, they are taxing the system. Where as I agree that people should not be turned away from being cared for, I also understand that some illegal aliens come to the United States to utilize the hospitals to get medical care. That is a problem and one that needs to be corrected in some way. Well, as I would love to have the answer to solve that problem I really have no way of solving it. Other health issues that concern me are the diseases that do not have cures yet. We need to find cures for them as soon as possible and every effort should be given to help find those cures. The incurable diseases are too many, we should by now have cures for a lot of them and it seems that research should be funded more so that these cures are found and relatively soon. We all should be concerned that there aren't cures found for some of them yet, because they have been

Constructive critical analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Constructive critical analysis - Essay Example Obtaining a Swedish personal identity number, or being a card holder of the European Health Insurance Card, entitles one to health care at the standard patient fee, with some exceptions depending on tax payer status. Dental care, however, is not fully subsidized and therefore relatively expensive in Sweden. Both systems are devolved. Both are financed largely through the tax payer’s money. They both have primary and secondary care. Primary care is delivered by General practitioners, surgeons among others. Primary health care center you can receive health care for medical problems and illnesses that are non-urgent and not life-threatening (Holtz, 2013). both systems provide for private and public health care facilities, private health care offers the same services as their public counterparts, however, the patients in the private care generally pay through private health insurance whose premiums are paid by employers or the individual themselves. In Sweden there is an agreement that guarantees patients under private care are covered under the same regulations and fees that are applied to municipal care facilities. Every patient has a right to choose between a private and public provider in primary care (Quaye, 2007). The health care system in Sweden is organized and managed on three level in the country that include the national level, regional and local levels. Therefore, health and medical care responsibilities in Sweden is shared by the central government, county councils and municipalities. The Ministry of Health and Social Affairs provides for principles and guidelines for care at the national level, to set the political agenda for health and medical care, supervise the lower level activities, allocate grants and evaluate services to ensure correspondence to national goals periodically. At the regional level responsibility is on the county council who ensure that there is efficient health care delivery,

Life Situations Represented through Graphs Essay

Life Situations Represented through Graphs - Essay Example The total amount paid in electricity bills for the last 10 months was $384, meaning that The average amount of electricity bill per month was $384/10 = $38.4 During 5 of the last 10 months, the electricity bill was above average of $38.4 and for the remaining 5, it was below the average amount. In terms of trend, the monthly electricity cost for the house increased from October 2010 onwards and reached a maximum of $49 in December 2010 before starting to decrease again. It has been decreasing since then. The graph is non-linear as no three successive points lie on the same line; although, the overall graph looks like a half sine curve with a clear peak during December 2010 and January 2011. The months of December 2010 to February 2010 had very high electricity bills compared to other months. In other words, the winter months had much higher electricity bills compared to spring and fall. This means that the consumption of electricity is rather seasonal. This seems natural as there is no heating required in the house during spring and fall, while the heating appliances are kept on during the winter months, which increases the consumption of electricity. It is likely that this trend would continue over the years although the peaks and the troughs in the graph can be brought lower by using energy efficient devices. References Glencoe. (n.d.).

Exercise Plan for Football Players Essay Example for Free

Exercise Plan for Football Players Essay Football, being a very energetic sport, means the players should stay fit and healthy. To do this they have a specific exercise plan, this will ensure that the players will not get tired throughout the ninety minute game. In this assignment I am going to devise a possible exercise and fitness plan for this sport. In it I will include, gentle exercise, low level stretch, curl ups for abdominal muscles and mobilising exercises for shoulders and hips. I will include plans for exercises with and without the use of weights. I will add an exercise regime table. I will then evaluate my work. At first the players will have to do a Gentle exercise to warm up. This will help to try and prevent any injuries that may occur, whilst completing the rest of the exercise plan. At first the players will have to stretch their muscles, starting from the top of their bodies. Head and Neck Rotation. * Begin by tilting head back slightly. * Draw chin forwards and level the head. * Keeping head level, return to upright. * Tilt chin forwards, towards the chest. * Ease head backwards, leaving chin downwards * Finish by slowly raising the chin and head back to the upright position. The deep stretch Stand upright with feet hip width apart. Lock fingers together behind back. Gently ease the elbows up and away from the body, until the stretch is felt. Hold this for 20 to 30 seconds. Press-ups Start with your hands flat on the floor, underneath shoulders. Support body on toes, keeping legs straight. Pull in stomach; bend elbows out 90 and lower chest towards the floor. Inhaling at the same time. Press back up to the starting position whilst exhaling. Keep head level. Do not lift it too high as this places a strain on the neck and can result in injury. Repeat this for 2 sets of 10. Latissimus Dorsi Stretch Stand with feet hip width apart pulling in the abdomen muscles. Hold one arm straight over the head, lean sideways from the hip joint, ensuring you keep the hips level. Extend arm until a stretch is felt. Hold for 10 to 20 seconds breathing easily throughout. Repeat this stretch on the other side. Repeat for 2 sets of 10 on each side. Triceps Stretch With abdominal contracted and back straight, place the fingers of one hand in between the shoulder blades. Support this arm by placing the other hand on the elbow. Apply gentle pressure by pushing the elbow down the spine with the supporting hand. Feel the stretch in the back of the arm. Breathe evenly throughout. Hold this for 10 to 20 seconds. Repeat on the other side. Basic Crunch Lie on back with knees up. Feet hip width apart, abdominal sucked in and hands at side of head (Not at Back of head). Exhale, squeeze up raising shoulders a little way off the ground. Hold for a moment then slowly ease down inhaling. For a more advanced stretch, lift legs off the floor whilst raising shoulders. Repeat this for 2 sets of 10. Oblique curl Lie flat on back with knees up, feet hip width apart, keep right shoulder and lower back pressed tightly into the floor. Whilst exhaling contract the abdominal and with left arm reach over to the right knee, until a stretch is felt, in the midsection whilst lifting the left shoulder slightly off the floor. Hold for a moment, then whilst inhaling lower back to floor. For a more advances stretch raise feet off floor and reach for toes. Repeat this for 2 sets of 10. Calf Stretch Standing with feet facing forwards, hip width apart, take a step forward with the right leg, keeping the knee slightly bent. Press the heel of right leg into the floor until the stretch is felt in the rear calf muscle of this leg. Hold this for 20 to 30 seconds, keeping weight centred over the hips, step backwards with the right leg to return to start position. Repeat using the other leg. Squats (Quads, Hamstrings and Gluteals.) Stand with abdominal contracted and feet hip width apart, arms should be stretched in front. Bend at knees lowering the body and inhaling while doing so. Thighs should remain parallel to the floor and head should be kept in line with the spine. Do not lean too far forward as this places stress on the lower back and makes the exercise less effective. Hold momentarily at the bottom position then whilst exhaling return to the starting position. Repeat this 10 times. This completes the warm up exercise. For the aerobic workout, the players should jog for a minimum of thirty minutes. In this jog they should include side stepping and also skipping. After thirty minutes the pace should be reduced to a brisk walk, this should be done for five minutes. Following the brisk walk, the pace should again be reduced to a relaxed walk; this should also be done for five minutes. When the players have completed their aerobic work out a warm down should take place. In the warm down, some stretches that were used in the warm up, should be used again. Warming down is very important. If warming down does not take place, it will make the muscles feel sore and tender. It could also lead to injury. When using weight machines for exercise, you must always check that it is on the correct weight for you. Flat Dumbbell Press (Chest) This exercise can be performed on a flat of inclined bench, keep abdominal contracted and lower back flat onto the bench, take a 5kg dumbbell in each hand and hold tem in a 90 angle to your body. Lift the dumbbells in an arc above the chest until they almost touch. Return to start position. Repeat this 10 times. Seated Row (Back) Take an elastic band and sit on the floor with legs extended in front. Make sure back is straight and abdominal are contracted. Pull elastic with arms until there Is a slight tension in the band. Squeeze elbows slowly backwards increasing the tension in the band. Exhale as you do this. Return to start position, inhaling while doing so. Lateral Pull down (Back) Before starting this exercise; check the weights are at 5kgs and adjust the seat level. Sit with feet flat on the floor. Abdominal contracted and back straight. Lower body is stabilised by the leg pad which rests on your thighs. Use a wide over hand grip, pull down bar, to level with upper chest, exhaling. Squeeze back muscles at bottom position. Slowly return bar to the starting position, inhaling while doing so. Repeat this 10 to 20 times. Timing: 4 seconds up. 4 seconds down. Biceps Curl Take a 3kg Dumbbell, in your right hand, stand with feet, hip width apart and abdominal contracted. Straighten arm holding the dumbbell towards the floor. Squeeze the dumbbell upwards until level with the shoulder, exhaling while doing so. Momentarily squeeze your bicep at top position. In a slow controlled movement lower the arm to starting position. Repeat this 10 times and then swap arms. Leg Press Again check weights are at 5kgs and adjust the seat. Start with the hips and knees at 90 to your trunk with your feet flat on the foot support. Keep lower back and head in contact with the back support and grip the bars. Push your lower body up and away from the foot support slowly breathing out, make sure feet stay flat on the floor support and a stretch should be felt in the whole of the upper leg. Hold this momentarily in the top position before slowly returning to start position, inhaling as you do so. Repeat this 20 times. This completes the warm up exercise for the exercises using weights. For this aerobic Exercise, the players should spend 15 minutes jogging of Hill walking on a treadmill followed by 15 minutes on a cross trainer. After this they should then spend 10 minutes on a rowing machine, gently rowing to ease the pace. When the players have finished their aerobic workout, a warm down should take place. Again in this warm down some stretches from the warm up will be used, this will help prevent muscle soreness or any injuries.

Pearl Harbor Essay Example for Free

Pearl Harbor Essay â€Å"Injustice any where is a threat everywhere,† as Martin Luther King stated. It varies from bullying to unjust workers. The Holocaust is a great example of injustice. Innocent Jewish people were killed for just being of their faith. Racial Discrimination and bullying are a few other examples of injustice that are prevented. This could have been prevented, granted people did not act as fast as they did to follow Hitler. Such injustice should keep from happening in the future. Injustice comes in many ways and forms. From bullying to unfair judging of others. The Holocaust was a great example of injustice. The Jewish community did not deserve such torment for being Jewish. In World War 2 Adolph Hitler wanted to clear Germany of all Jews and turn Germany into a communist country. The injustice that was happening in Germany was spreading across Europe. Eventually other countries like Italy and Russia were under the influence of communism. This injustice was spreading across Europe . The United States found this to be unjust and had to interfere because they found this to be a threat to them. War crimes such as this are perfect examples of injustice. Another example is the racism of the 60’s. There was so much fighting towards the Black population and it was unfair. The African-American population had been seeking freedom and equal rights since slaves were freed. Dr. Martin Luther King tried to make equal rights true for all. He did such and succeeded, which led to equal rights and no more racial discrimination. There are many more ways that injustice shows up in history but these are some main examples. Even from a simple shove to a kid you do not like to something as upscale as the Holocaust, injustice should be prevented. Injustice may be widespread, but it can be stopped. The Holocaust and Racial Discrimination were unjust, but they were stopped, which proves that any injustice can be stopped. You could do something as little to tell a bully to stop. Whenever given the chance stop injustice, take it. It can be prevented in large organizations also. Such groups come together to talk about and help others experiencing injustice in their lives. People can do much more to prevent injustice than they think. Always speak out against injustice because you could save a life. Those who dared to speak out in the Holocaust were killed, but their death was not in vain. These people led to the freedom of the Jews. This proves that speaking out against injustice can save people. In conclusion, injustice can be prevented in many different ways. You can do anything from stopping a bully to starting an organization. Injustice comes in many ways and forms. No matter what way injustice is seen, you should do what you can to prevent it.

Role Of Quantity Surveyor Construction Essay

Role Of Quantity Surveyor Construction Essay Introduction The name quantity surveyor conjures up a variety of different images in peoples imaginations. For some, the term quantity surveyor is an outmoded title from the past. It certainly no longer accurately describes the duties that are performed. When the term was first applied to the profession, the work of the Q.S. was vastly different to that now being carried out and anticipated in the twenty-first century. A Quantity Surveyor (QS) is a professional which is essentially construction accountant who manages the financial costs and contracts within construction industry. A Quantity Surveyor is involved in four main areas of work in construction industry which are building work such as residential housing and industrial developments, building engineering services such as lift services and others where prime cost sums are to be included in the bills of quantities, civil engineering such as infrastructure construction projects, and heavy and industrial engineering such as onshore and offshore oil and gas and petrol-chemicals. (Yeaw, 2008) Quantity surveyors deal with a wide variety of people including clients, architects, design engineers, construction managers, engineers, planners, estimators, supplier, lawyers and buyers. As building work increased in volume and complexity, there are a lot of sectors recognised the advantage of employing and independent quantity surveyor to prepare an accurate bill of quantities, and measure and value any variation during the progress of work. (Seeley, 1997) Today, quantity surveyors are also being appointed as a project manager to take control of the project from inception to completion and to coordinate the work of the design team and the main contractor and subcontractor. (Seeley, 1997) They can find employment in various areas such as property surveys for hidden defects on behalf of potential purchasers, running estates, valuing the mineral deposits for mining companies, selling property and even Leasehold Reform Act work. The roles of Quantity Surveyor will vary depending on his role either within the clients consultant or the contractor. Role of Private or Public Quantity Surveyor The Quantity Surveyor who works in private or public sector is an important member of the design team. The role of QS includes: Preliminary Cost Advise The QS is an expert in cost appraisal. He/She gives practical advice on the likely cost of the scheme from the inception of a new project. Besides that, he also advises on the comparative costs of alternative layouts, materials, components and methods of construction. Cost Planning during the design stage The QS will prepare a realistic budget and a cost plan showing the distribution of cost for each element once the employers brief is done. (Seeley, 1997) Cost planning during the design stage of the project is to ensure the client obtain the best possible value of his money including added value to his property asset, preferably having regard to total costs using life cycle costing technique so that the costs are distributed in the most realistic way and the contract sum is kept within the clients budget. Approximate estimate of the initial costs of building are prepared using feasibility or conceptual estimating which are single price methods of estimating. (Seeley and Winfield, 1999) When the budget and cost plan were acceptable to the client then the design was developed by the architect. Procurement Advice The QS in design team has a duty to advice the client on the most appropriate form of building procurement based on the type of project, quality of building, speed of construction, apportionment of risk and price certainty. (Seeley and Winfield, 1999) There are numbers of procurement methods using in United Kingdom. For example, traditional method is to negotiate tenders with a single contractor and design and build method is where the contractor undertakes the whole task of design and construction. (Seeley, 1997) Documents Preparation (Tender and Bills of Quantities) The QS will need to prepare tender document in the tendering stage and Bill of Quantities is a part of tender document. Measurement and quantification are required to provide a complete Bill of Quantities. (BQ) BQ translates the drawings, schedules and specification notes produced by designers into a document listing in detail all the components parts required for the project to enable all contractors to calculate his tender prices in same quantities. (Seeley, 1997) Selection of Contractor The QS provides frank, sound and practical advice on contractor selection. QS will based on the industrial relations record, past performance in meeting standard, time target and the quality of management and then make recommendations to the employer on the make up of the selection list. (Seeley, 1997) Negotiation During tendering, the private or public QS will evaluation of tenders and negotiate rates with contractors. Sometimes, QS will choose two of the best contractors and ask them price for the project again with discount rates. Valuing work The contractor is paid monthly in most construction contracts. QS will value the work carried out each month based on the report of Clerk of Works and contractors QS and then making recommendations as to payment to be made to the contractor including advising on the financial effect of variation or receipt of instructions from the architect. (Seeley, 1997) Settlement of contractual claim QS will prepare interim certificate to contractor every month based on the negotiate accepted claims with the contractors QS. Financial Statement A QS prepares financial statement to employer during the construction period and advice the employer on anticipated liability for payment, giving dates and amounts. Preparation of Final Account At the completion of the contract works, QS will need to prepare the final account for the whole project and agree details and totals with the contractors Quantity Surveyor. Role of Contractors Quantity Surveyor The Quantity Surveyors work in contractors firm and is an important member of the construction team. The duties of QS will vary according to the size of the firm. For smaller firms, the roles are tending to be more very wide in scope. However, the roles are tending to be more specified for large firms. (Seeley and Winfield, 1999)It includes: Preparation of Bills of Quantities Commencing of a project, contractors QS will need to prepare BQ with accurate measurement and estimating and then insert prices into the tender document which is provided by private or public QS. There are two types of contract document which are lump sum contract and BQ contract. Lump sum contract is the contract document comprises a BQ without quantities. So, the QS will need to do his own measurement based on the drawings and then come out with accurate quantities. BQ contract means the contract document comprise BQ with quantities. So, the QS just need to do pricing for those documents. Cost Planning during the construction stage Seeley (1997, pg63) wrote that Cost planning is a specialist technique used by the quantity surveyor. It is used to help all the members of construction team to keep works within the budget. Once a realistic estimate is agreed and everything follow in accordance with it, effective cost planning will help to ensure over-budget will not occur in the project from the successful contractors tender to final project cost. Constant monitoring of the cost planning will decrease the risk of overspending at an early stage and prompt corrective action can be taken. Cost planning improves the better value of money. The contractors QS will aim to secure maximum payment for the work done at the earliest possible time to avoid any possible cash flow problems. (Seeley, 1997) He will prepare cost plans that list down all the expenses right through to the projects completion. Negotiation Contractors QS is responsible to control the construction cost during construction stage. To improve the better value of money and maintain the quality of the building, he will negotiate the material price, machinery cost and labour cost with the supplier and come out with a most reasonable price and quality report. Sometimes, he also needs to negotiate with the clients QS for the variation order and payment issue. Comparison of cost QS will need to collect information about the cost of various operations in order to give a better value of money and provide information for the contractor to prepare future estimates. He will do the comparison of the cost of alternative methods of carrying out various operations so that the most economical procedure can be adopted. (Seeley, 1997) Documents Preparation (Sub-contract and meeting report) Preparation of the BQ for the sub-contract is done by contractors QS when some of works are substituted to another specialist. QS will prepare a lump sum contract or BQ contract base on the scope of work of the sub-contractor. In the sub-contract, QS will state the contract sum, commencing date, completion date, scope of work and etc. Besides that, QS also need to prepare site meeting report before the site meeting. He will receive a letter which state the date of site meeting one week before the meeting. The frequency of site meeting is depended on the architect. Normally, it is twice a month. The meeting report includes the project brief, contract information, document register, quality report, work progress chart and progress photos. Making application to the architect or engineer for variation order The QS requires assessing the cost of alternative designs of temporary works and other operations in order to prepare cost and value reconciliations for internal purposes and to forecast trends. He also makes application to the architect for variation orders if drawings or site instructions vary the work and the agreeing the value of variations with clients QS. (Seeley, 1997) Interim valuation and payments QS will prepare interim costing to clients QS so that the contractor can ascertain of his financial position and make appropriate action taken when necessary. (Seeley, 1997) Contractors QS is responsible for looking after the financial interest of the contractor and work in conjunction with private practice on the preparation of interim payments. (Ashworth and Hogg, 2007) Final account preparation QS will assembling data for the final account from the start of the contract to ensure that it will be completed in all its aspects and to give the contractor his proper entitlement under the contract. (Seeley, 1997) Other roles of Quantity Surveyor Ashworth and Hogg (2007, pg9) write In response to the potential demise of bills of quantities, quantity surveyors began exploring new potential roles for their services. The evolved roles of Quantity Surveyor are: Whole life costing The meaning of whole life costing is defined by the Ashworth and Hogg who refer to the Construction Best Practice Programme 1998 (2007, pg146) write that the systematic consideration of all relevant costs and revenues associated with the acquisition and ownership of an asset. All the costs associated with various options for a project are added together to represent a total cost. Future costs are discounted to a present day value. The QS provides the whole life costing to the clients based on the initial cost such as design and construction costs and future cost such as rental and maintenance cost to give an emphasis on a whole or total cost approach undertaken during the acquisition of a capital cost project or asset rather than merely concentrating on the initial capital costs alone. (Ashworth and Hogg, 2007) Value Management Value management is a specialist area. It is important to the success of projects in providing the foundation for improving value for money in construction. Clients are generally wanted higher quality buildings at lower prices and which were produced more quickly. QS involves in value management will examine a strategic problem that a company may face before the decision to build a building. He also uses the value management knowledge to obtain a reduction in construction costs. (Ashworth and Hogg, 2007) Risk Analysis Nowadays, most of the dedicated project manager has a quantity surveying background. Amongst all client advisors, QS is the most suited and motivated toward the management of risk. Sometimes, risk may affect an estimate. So, the QS will need to assess the probability and extent of the effect. The QS evolved the risk analysis to control the occurrence and impact of risk factors and provides clients with better information upon which to make decision. (Ashworth and Hogg, 2007) Expert witness The QS also can become an arbitrator nowadays. He often called upon to act as expert witness in respect of a wide variety of building disputes due to he has the knowledge of the building contract. As an expert witness, the QS need to produce a proof of evidence covering all his intended evidence. (Seeley, 1997) Conclusion The traditional roles of Quantity Surveyor can be classified into private or public Quantity Surveyor and contractors Quantity Surveyor. The table below shows the summary of the roles of Quantity Surveyor in different working sectors. Private or Public Quantity Surveyor Contractors Quantity Surveyor Provide preliminary cost advise Prepare Bills of Quantities during tendering Prepare cost planning during the design stage Prepare cost planning during the construction stage Advice client for different procurement method Prepare tender document and Bills of Quantities Prepare sub-contract and meeting report Select the best contractor to do the work Negotiate the pricing rate with the contractor Negotiate the material price and construction cost with the supplier and the sub-contractor Value the work done by contractor Compare the cost provided by supplier and sub-contractor. Settlement of contractual claim Make application to the architect or engineer for variation order Prepare financial statement Prepare interim valuation and payment Prepare final Account Prepare final account Nowadays, the introduction of computerised systems for preparing BQ makes Quantity Surveyors practices become very nervous. The traditional roles of Quantity Surveyor are not enough for QS to survive in construction industry because it is becoming to take over by technology. So, in these few years, QS are trying to evolve their roles in construction industry. They become project managers, value managers, expert witness to provide whole life costing, value management, risk analysis, a prove of evidence in building disputes and so on to employers. The QS still have a lot of development spaces in construction industry. It will never be ended up and replaced by others. As QS in the future, I wont worry about the unemployment because it seems to be good in the economical crisis at 2007. I always believe that QS job is a Quite Smart job in the construction industry and has a good future. (Total: 2418 words)

There is No Ghost in William Shakespeares Hamlet Essay -- Shakespeare

There is No Ghost in William Shakespeare's Hamlet    "Hamlet", written by William Shakespeare in the seventeenth century, is a tragedy of great proportion and great debate. When the play begins, Hamlet is moping around at home. His father recently died, his mother sinfully married her brother-in-law, and he was cheated out of the throne by his ambitious uncle. He is angry and bitter, and after initial skepticism, is more than willing to accept the ghost who seems to resemble his deceased father. The specter, who claims to have been murdered by Claudius, calls upon Hamlet to avenge his death. Hamlet's current state of mind, the ghost's request for revenge, and the ghost's appeal to Hamlet for mercy toward his mother, all put the ghost's true existence in question. Clearly, Shakespeare intended the ghost to be a manifestation of Hamlet's mind. Feelings of anger and confusion have created a situation which has made Hamlet's state of mind especially susceptible to falsehoods and manipulation. Hamlet has been overcome with pain in mourning his father's death. He is ex...

Analysis of Samuel Adams and Boston Beer Company Essay -- beer industr

The Boston Beer Company and Samuel Adams have both had a long history. Since the 1870s, six generations of the Koch family have been involved with beer. In the early 1980s, the seventh generations almost turned his back on the family business. After graduating from graduate school, Jim Koch wanted to stray always for the family business and seek a career in management consulting. After a short time in the consulting business, Koch decided that he just could not ignore his destiny to create a new, different beer. In 1984, Koch was on the search for a â€Å"better beer†. The only options at the time on the market were pale lagers from mass producers (Company), Koch decided there needed to be a change. In April 1985, Samuel Adams made in bar debut. At first, Koch and his partner, Rhonda Kallmen, were the only employees and were only producing 500 barrels a year. The company has now grown to 400 wholesalers, 200 sales representatives and 6 million barrels of beer produced each y ear. Because of the creativeness of Jim Koch the craft beer industry has been forever changed. Structure and Strategy Boston Beer Company has always structured themselves as a craft beer maker. Their strategy is to always strive to give their loyal customers a â€Å"better beer†. Their idea of a better beer includes giving their customer a higher quality, a better and unique taste, and a sophisticated image. Along with the strategy to a better beer for the customer, Boston Beer and Samuel Adams also pay close attention to their operations strategy. Their operations strategy includes paying close attention to the brewing process from start to finish. The producers are involved in every step of the brewing process. They hand select all of the raw materials, they br... ... on top of the craft beer industry. Through their business strategy, structure, strengths, and adaptability, Samuel Adams is a company that will continue to grow and continue to provide their customer with a better beer. Works Cited Company, Boston Beer. Samuel Adams- Our Craft Beers. n.d. 6 Nov. 2015. . Polgar, by Richard. NYS Bottle Bill: Deposit & No Return. September 2011. 6 Nov. 2015. . Ruggles, M. 4 Main Ingredients in Beer and Why They are Important. 29 April 2011. 6 Nov. 2015. . SABMiller. Vers. ww.sabmiller.com. n.d. 8 Nov. 2015. Verive, John. Los Angeles Times: Food. 19 September 2013. 6 Nov. 2015. . Analysis of Samuel Adams and Boston Beer Company Essay -- beer industr The Boston Beer Company and Samuel Adams have both had a long history. Since the 1870s, six generations of the Koch family have been involved with beer. In the early 1980s, the seventh generations almost turned his back on the family business. After graduating from graduate school, Jim Koch wanted to stray always for the family business and seek a career in management consulting. After a short time in the consulting business, Koch decided that he just could not ignore his destiny to create a new, different beer. In 1984, Koch was on the search for a â€Å"better beer†. The only options at the time on the market were pale lagers from mass producers (Company), Koch decided there needed to be a change. In April 1985, Samuel Adams made in bar debut. At first, Koch and his partner, Rhonda Kallmen, were the only employees and were only producing 500 barrels a year. The company has now grown to 400 wholesalers, 200 sales representatives and 6 million barrels of beer produced each y ear. Because of the creativeness of Jim Koch the craft beer industry has been forever changed. Structure and Strategy Boston Beer Company has always structured themselves as a craft beer maker. Their strategy is to always strive to give their loyal customers a â€Å"better beer†. Their idea of a better beer includes giving their customer a higher quality, a better and unique taste, and a sophisticated image. Along with the strategy to a better beer for the customer, Boston Beer and Samuel Adams also pay close attention to their operations strategy. Their operations strategy includes paying close attention to the brewing process from start to finish. The producers are involved in every step of the brewing process. They hand select all of the raw materials, they br... ... on top of the craft beer industry. Through their business strategy, structure, strengths, and adaptability, Samuel Adams is a company that will continue to grow and continue to provide their customer with a better beer. Works Cited Company, Boston Beer. Samuel Adams- Our Craft Beers. n.d. 6 Nov. 2015. . Polgar, by Richard. NYS Bottle Bill: Deposit & No Return. September 2011. 6 Nov. 2015. . Ruggles, M. 4 Main Ingredients in Beer and Why They are Important. 29 April 2011. 6 Nov. 2015. . SABMiller. Vers. ww.sabmiller.com. n.d. 8 Nov. 2015. Verive, John. Los Angeles Times: Food. 19 September 2013. 6 Nov. 2015. .

Reconciling Injustice and Necessity: The Statesman in the Practical City :: Essays Papers

Reconciling Injustice and Necessity: The Statesman in the Practical City When Socrates builds up a â€Å"city in speech† from ideals, he allows himself the option of overlooking the more distasteful features of real human cities simply by omitting them from the argument. His is a city whose primary purpose is to shed light on the soul of an individual, and its role as a metaphor allows it to contain logical conclusions which run wholly counter to the feasible practices of men. Aristotle permits himself no such luxury when he sets out to describe politics from the top down; he cannot overlook such thorny issues as slavery and empire because they exist as significant features in the constitutions of men and must be dealt with by statesmen, to whose needs Aristotle is particularly sensitive. Unlike Socrates, he cannot simply label these things unjust in the abstract and remove them from the ideal city. Aristotle, in his own description of an ideal constitution, is scrupulously practical, even when practicality prevents him from endorsing what would s eem to be the logical conclusions of his own arguments. His treatment of empire in the Politics, like his treatment of slavery—empire’s small-scale cousin—reflects this ability to reconcile a concept of absolute justice to the inevitable injustices of political life. It is not immediately obvious what Aristotle’s verdict on empire is. The institution seems to simultaneously violate several of his premises for a good city and promote others, and Aristotle sets up a comparison of the arguments for both sides to address this tension. On the one hand, he perceives injustice in states whose sole purpose is to conquer their neighbors, and chastises statesmen who arbitrarily enslave others for ruling â€Å"without regard to the right or wrong of what [he is] doing† (VII.ii.13) . He also praises the self-contained happiness of the isolationist state when he says, â€Å"It is possible to imagine a solitary state which is happy in itself†¦It will obviously have a good constitution† (VII.ii.16). However, both these lines of reasoning are incomplete condemnations of empire. The first implies only that the statesman is ultimately accountable to right and wrong in his actions and must consider this standard in his decision-making, no t that imperialism is in itself always on the side of wrong. He sees the thorough isolationism of the â€Å"solitary state† as problematic as well, ending his description of it with, â€Å"But it will have no regard to war† (VII. Reconciling Injustice and Necessity: The Statesman in the Practical City :: Essays Papers Reconciling Injustice and Necessity: The Statesman in the Practical City When Socrates builds up a â€Å"city in speech† from ideals, he allows himself the option of overlooking the more distasteful features of real human cities simply by omitting them from the argument. His is a city whose primary purpose is to shed light on the soul of an individual, and its role as a metaphor allows it to contain logical conclusions which run wholly counter to the feasible practices of men. Aristotle permits himself no such luxury when he sets out to describe politics from the top down; he cannot overlook such thorny issues as slavery and empire because they exist as significant features in the constitutions of men and must be dealt with by statesmen, to whose needs Aristotle is particularly sensitive. Unlike Socrates, he cannot simply label these things unjust in the abstract and remove them from the ideal city. Aristotle, in his own description of an ideal constitution, is scrupulously practical, even when practicality prevents him from endorsing what would s eem to be the logical conclusions of his own arguments. His treatment of empire in the Politics, like his treatment of slavery—empire’s small-scale cousin—reflects this ability to reconcile a concept of absolute justice to the inevitable injustices of political life. It is not immediately obvious what Aristotle’s verdict on empire is. The institution seems to simultaneously violate several of his premises for a good city and promote others, and Aristotle sets up a comparison of the arguments for both sides to address this tension. On the one hand, he perceives injustice in states whose sole purpose is to conquer their neighbors, and chastises statesmen who arbitrarily enslave others for ruling â€Å"without regard to the right or wrong of what [he is] doing† (VII.ii.13) . He also praises the self-contained happiness of the isolationist state when he says, â€Å"It is possible to imagine a solitary state which is happy in itself†¦It will obviously have a good constitution† (VII.ii.16). However, both these lines of reasoning are incomplete condemnations of empire. The first implies only that the statesman is ultimately accountable to right and wrong in his actions and must consider this standard in his decision-making, no t that imperialism is in itself always on the side of wrong. He sees the thorough isolationism of the â€Å"solitary state† as problematic as well, ending his description of it with, â€Å"But it will have no regard to war† (VII.

Essay Invisible Hand Essay

The invisible hand is a metaphor coined by the economist Adam Smith. Once in â€Å"The Wealth of Nations† and other writings, Smith demonstrated that, in a free market, an individual pursuing his own self-interest tends to also promote the good of his community as a whole through a principle that he called â€Å"the invisible hand†. He argued that each individual maximizing revenue for himself maximizes the total revenue of society as a whole, as this is identical with the sum total of individual revenues. Smith used the term ‘invisible hand’ only three times, but the metaphor later gained widespread use Several new interpretations of Adam Smith’s invisible hand have recently been published in leading general-interest economic journals. These interpretations attempt to bring Smith forward in time, to make him more modern, and to fashion him in the image of the modern welfare theorist. Here we go back in time and find the source for both of Smith’s economic applications of the invisible hand in Richard Cantillon’s model of the isolated estate. With this connection established, we know what Smith read and dubbed the invisible hand. Introduction We now know a great deal about the intricacies and details of Adam Smith’s life and economics. Scholars have, for example, poured over his views on the organization of religion, his views of the corporation, and even his tenure as a tax collector, and have established definite conclusions. In contrast, Smith’s most famous concept—â€Å"the invisible hand†Ã¢â‚¬â€has in recent years been placed in an intellectual quagmire as a result of a surprising resurgence of interest in the meaning of the concept. Several new interpretations of the concept have been published in the leading general-interest economic journals, as well as those that specialize in the history of economic thought. This widespread effort to discover the â€Å"true† meaning of the invisible hand appears to have muddied the conceptual waters almost beyond recognition. There are now at least a dozen different versions of the invisible hand ranging from the more traditional interpretations to those which attach the phrase to such things as slavery and national defense. Smith’s invisible hand now suffers from multiple-conception disorder and the lack of an acceptable definition could render Smith’s concept scientifically useless. The opening quote from Khalil represents one of the few sensible modern interpretations of Smith (the process theorist) because it shows both how far modern interpreters have gone astray—painting Smith forward in time as a modern neoclassical welfare (end state) theorist, and why there is so much confusion—Smith’s three different uses of the phrase. To resolve the mystery of the meaning of the invisible hand, I would like to go backward in time and show that Smith discovered the general conceptual framework for the invisible hand in Richard Cantillon’s Essai sur la Nature du Commerce en General (hereafter, Essai). Cantillon’s model of the isolated estate represents a revolutionary breakthrough in economic theory and both of Smith’s economic applications of the invisible hand—which hitherto have been understood to be disconnected—can be found in it. This linkage between Smith and Cantillon permits us to describe the invisible hand as the processes that constitute price theory, competition, and distribution. First, however i will briefly describe the heated debate in the general-interest journals over the meaning of the invisible hand and then present the broader connections that scholars have made between Cantillon and Smith. Part I Understood as a metaphor Smith uses the metaphor in the context of an argument against protectionism and government regulation of markets, but it is based on very broad principles developed by Bernard Mandeville, Bishop Butler, Lord Shaftesbury, and Francis Hutcheson. In general, the term â€Å"invisible hand† can apply to any individual action that has unplanned, unintended consequences, particularly those which arise from actions not orchestrated by a central command and which have an observable, patterned effect on the community. Bernard Mandeville argued that private vices are actually public benefits. In â€Å"The Fable of the Bees† (1714), he laments that the â€Å"bees of social virtue are buzzing in Man’s bonnet†: that civilized man has stigmatized his private appetites and the result is the retardation of the common good. Bishop Butler argued that pursuing the public good was the best way of advancing one’s own good since the two were necessarily identical. Lord Shaftesbury turned the convergence of public and private good around, claiming that acting in accordance with one’s self-interest will produce socially beneficial results. An underlying unifying force that Shaftesbury called the â€Å"Will of Nature† maintains equilibrium, congruency, and harmony. This force, if it is to operate freely, requires the individual pursuit of rational self-interest, and the preservation and advancement of the self. Francis Hutcheson also accepted this convergence between public and private interest, but he attributed the mechanism, not to rational self-interest, but to personal intuition, which he called a â€Å"moral sense. † Smith developed his own version of this general principle in which six psychological motives combine in each individual to produce the common good. In â€Å"The Theory of Moral Sentiments†, vol. II, page 316, he says, â€Å"â€Å"By acting according to the dictates of our moral faculties, we necessarily pursue the most effective means for promoting the happiness of mankind. †Ã¢â‚¬  Contrary to common misconceptions, Smith did not assert that all self-interested labour necessarily benefits society, or that all public goods are produced through self-interested labour. His proposal is merely that in a free market, people â€Å"usually† tend to produce goods desired by their neighbours. The tragedy of the commons is an example where self-interest tends to bring an unwanted result. Moreover, a free market arguably provides numerous opportunities for maximizing one’s own profit at the expense (rather than for the benefit) of others. The tobacco industry is often cited as an example of this: the sale of cigarettes and other tobacco products certainly brings a very good revenue, but the industry’s critics deny that the social benefits (the pleasures associated with smoking, the camaraderie, the feeling of doing something â€Å"cool†) can possibly outbalance the social costs. Part II Economists’ Interpretation of The Wealth of Nations quote The concept of the Invisible Hand is nearly always generalized beyond Smith’s original discussion of domestic versus foreign trade. Smith himself participated in such generalization, as is already evident in his allusion to â€Å"many other cases†, quoted above. Notice that the invisible hand is here considered a natural inclination, not yet a social mechanism as it was later classified by Leon Walras and Vilfredo Pareto. Many economists claim that the theory of the Invisible Hand states that if each consumer is allowed to choose freely what to buy and each producer is allowed to choose freely what to sell and how to produce it, the market will settle on a product distribution and prices that are beneficial to the all individual members of a community, and hence to the community as a whole. The reason for this is that greed will drive actors to beneficial behavior. Efficient methods of production will be adopted in order to maximize profits. Low prices will be charged in order to undercut competitors. Investors will invest in those industries that are most urgently needed to maximize returns, and withdraw capital from those that are less efficient in creating value. Students will be guided to prepare for the most needed (and therefore most remunerative) careers. And all these effects will take place dynamically and automatically. It also works as a balancing mechanism. For example, the inhabitants of a poor country will be willing to work very cheaply. Entrepreneurs can make great profits by building factories in poor countries. But since they increase the demand for labor, they will increase its price. And since the new producers will also become consumers, local businesses will have to hire more people in order to provide for them the things that they want to consume. As this process continues, the labor prices will eventually rise to the point at which there is no advantage for the foreign countries doing business in the formerly poor country. Overall, this mechanism will cause the local economy to function on its own. In The Wealth of Nations Smith provides a metaphor that illustrates the simplicity of the principle: It is not from the benevolence of the butcher, the brewer or the baker that we expect our dinner, but from their regard to their own interest. We address ourselves not to their humanity but to their self-love, and never talk to them of our necessities but of their advantages. Nobody but a beggar chooses to depend chiefly upon the benevolence of their fellow-citizens. Part III Examples and arguments A very simple real world example of how the invisible hand is supposed to ork is the queue for a supermarket checkout. Each customer getting in line selfishly chooses to maximize his own interest, that is to checkout in the shortest time, regardless of the other customers. Their utility maximizing choice is to get in queue in the shortest line, this means that eventually customers queue up in lines all of the same length. Therefore even without the slightest direction and by following only their selfishness, the lines are all of the same length, which is clearly the most efficient disposition. (This examples also illustrates the ties between economics and game theory. Note that to reap these benefits, the market should at least exist — in the total absence of regulation, if people were allowed to cut the queue, the result of selfish pursuit of interests would be a crowded mess. Also, as this example also illustrates, economists have a particular understanding of efficiency. If a woman in the supermarket seeking to checkout is pregnant, carrying a crying child who is diabetic and who needs to eat dinner in the shortest amount of time possible, then it may be more efficient to allow her to jump the queue. Since Smith’s time, the principle of the invisible hand has been further incorporated into economic theory. Leon Walras developed a four equation general equilibrium model which concludes that individual self-interest operating in a competitive market place produces the unique conditions under which a society’s total utility is maximized. Vilfredo Pareto used an edgeworth box contact line to illustrate a similar social optimality. Ludwig von Mises, in Human Action, claims that Smith believed that the invisible hand was that of God. He did not mean this as a criticism, since he held that secular reasoning leads to similar conclusions. The invisible hand is traditionally understood as a concept in economics, but Robert Nozick argues in Anarchy, State and Utopia that substantively the same concept exists in a number of other areas of academic discourse under different names, notably Darwinian natural selection. In turn, Daniel Dennett has argued in Darwin’s Dangerous Idea that this represents a â€Å"universal acid† which may be applied to a number of seemingly disparate areas of philosophical enquiry (consciousness and free will in particular).

The last supper -movie satire analysis

After having buried 10 conservationists , the students collapse a garden full of tomatoes proving that conservationists work on great as fertilizers(NOT) and since that in conduct they served no proficient to the society from the liberals plosive speech sound of view, in final stage they can. The students invite the guests with an already planned ending for any of them death. They argon in continuous disagreement with them in order to find something that they , n turn, existentise as wrong and reason the death of the guest , this taking some of the ungodliness parcel out away their shoulders and considering it a good gets for society .At the slightest counter-idea they belt along the dinner and get to the exciting eccentric of it by using phrases such as its sequence for dessert . Len the exposure ,this is seen in the scene where the anti ecologist gradually considers their head of view as well and starts rethinking composite of him agreeing to the libertarian mas termind of view, and used to in effect(p) having their guests poisoned, the conference of students does not break the Sunday rite and assures the guest( by put forwarding you be entitle to your take in opinion) , who comes back to his conservationists point of view.This goes to the original argument insignificance of c atomic number 18er. As the moving-picture show progresses the students butcher more and more pot slowly not taking into love their status in society , Just their closed-minded ideas. The director stops introducing the guests by their names as they will in conclusion lose itinstead, continues by defining(l want to say it in a several(predicate) way) them by their causes and slowly Just shows the piles of land that were once their guests.The students dissolve a national of smell and death by each endure questioning the guest if you were in a bar with a ridicule vociferateed Doll Hitler , would you kill him to save all those lifes or would you let him live? Or its 4 to 1 . He lives. This again, shows the insignificance of life and how little they c ar for the others and their fate. RACISM (DISCRIMINATION AGAINST BLACKS ) From the actually beginning ,Luke is the one who initiates the idea of having the vicious dinner ,even though his colleagues are reluctant.He is likewise the one to squander suggested not to call the police ,and instead Just peel the murder . turn he starts off as the most rational in critical situations, he bring forths the most unlogical ,cruel and quick-tempered he is in like manner precise satiric through step up the movie ( save up them in the kitchen barefoot and pregnant he says to a sex offender they impart had as guest) . By the end of the movie he loses control and gets to the point where he is about to kill one of his own mends.THE LAST SUPPER (RELIGIOUS REFERENCE) In the movie, the 5 students are supposed to take the place of the apostles and the guests are Jesus, who is going to b e sacrificed. The characters are to a fault given names of apostles Dude,Pauline,Marc,Luke and Pete) The difference is , the roles are reversed, while the apostles are meant to spread the good word of Jesus to other people, they kill him. This could also mean that the students represent more everywhere two apostles Judas(who betrayed Jesus) and Peter (who denies he knows him ) While Jesus is aware of his scarification , the guests arent .The guests are also served very good food as it will be their drop dead meal . Unlike most movies where good perpetually wins over bad in the end, The subsist supper ends by having Norman -(the very conservativism celebrity that is present in rook scenes throughout the movie ,watched and critiqued by the students ) cleanup spot the 5 students with their own weapon and posterior describing himself as a humble ,humble retainer in his presidential campaign. Why is it existence satirized? ) I believe that the director is difficult to say that both the right and leftover wing /wingers can become diabolical/ harmful when taken to the essential extreme conservationists ( the guests) and extreme liberalizes(the students) 2) Another problem I think the director meant to point out how easily people lose their lifes over different causes (like those mentioned in the movie oddity , anti-ecologist, racism). This makes me wonder , Is it really worth it to die for it or to take a life? And When can you say it was right for you to decide that someones existence isnt important to the society any longer ? . This argument can be certify by history itself. Situations where people start out died and been killed because their opinions or way of being did not correspond to the majority are many, thus Stalins saying If you are not with us , you are against us. Another example is the time of The inquisition (an example Ewing Galileo Gillies scientifically proven idea that the earth revolves around the sunniness did not correspond to the original report . N order to avoid impoundment , he was forced to deny his statement. ) 3) throughout history , portentouss have always been seen as the bad guys with bad intentions . Len the movie , they have chosen the head of the plan ,a black , meaning to make fun of the opinion and the stereotyping . 4) Good doesnt always win in the end , especially in the real beingness is what the directors expressed through their last scene . Corrupted people become the leaders of our countries. Is it effective?In my opinion, The last supper is a good movie, with a well-planned spell that is rather a continuous sarcastic response to certain topics such as discrimination, the unnecessary deaths of people and intolerance. This film make me question my own tolerance of different views it also made me think of how ,as a libertarian myself do I change the world without imposing my own views. Some damaging points , from my perspective, are the repetitive scenes in the eat room of t he guests and the students and the rushed through scenes that take place in the middle of the movie.

International Organisational Behaviour

Introduction This assignment appropriate behind give way the organisation behaviour of two mining companies WMC Resources and BHP bank billiton. It leave behind discuss issues such as motivating in the short term, resistance to vary, internal and external vehemences that spare deepen, characteristics of an best police squad, factors of aggroup up impellingness, and how to use punishment strategies successfully. compact Clear understanding of the relationship between surgery and essences e. g. he rules of the reward game Trust in the people who get off take the decisions on who gets what publication (BHP) Transparency of the work at that decides who gets what outcome The people who testament make the decisions (BHP) take a crap stated we continue to upraise and expand our business quite signifi give the gatetly, and that always requires resplendent people So this again should be apply to motivate the employees into realising that, unspoilt performance t ransmits to your in demand(p) outcome (keeping their communication channel).Evidence to justify this is the fol deplorableing example on that point are three sales representatives who are terminatedidates for packaging to one sales wholeotrs job. poster has had a very good sales twelvemonth and always gets good performance evaluations. However, he isnt sure that he essentials the job be make out it involves a owing(p) fence of travel, long work hours, and such(prenominal) melodic phrase and pressure. Paul wants the job badly but doesnt think he had much dislodge of acquiring it. He has had a terrible sales course and gets only mediocre performance evaluations from his present boss. Susan wants the job as much as Paul, and she thinks that she has a exquisite good shot at it.Her sales have improved significantly this past year, and her evaluations are the top hat in the engagement. Expectancy possibility would predict that Bill and Paul are not very incite to seek the promotion. Bill doesnt re aloney want it, and Paul doesnt think he has much of a chance of getting it. Susan, however, is very incite to seek the promotion because she wants it and thinks that she can get it. (Pride, 2009) b) on that point are three originators the WMC employees are resistant to motley Fear of the unkn admit, pauperism for security, and not steping the deprivation to reassign.Employees resist turn because they have to learn slightlything bran- mod. In m each cases there is not a contrast with the benefits of the sassy process, but rather a idolatry of the unknown future and intimately their ability to set to it. De Jager (2001, p. 24) argues, Most people are reluctant to leave the familiar behind. We are all suspicious nigh the unfamiliar we are naturally concerned about how we ordain get from the old to the new, especially if it involves breeding something new and risking failure. The WMC employees are facing this trouble right now with the takeover that is about to go through.The employees are unsure about the future of the caller-up and wont know whether BHP depart change things such as daily duties, company protocol/processes, and tear down add new capers. To alleviate besmirch resistance to change, the manager should try to offer tuition to the employees about what major power change in the future. This will remove the element of the unknown and help them to deal with the changes early on. Also they should try to encourage stave and make them believe that they have the ability to adjust, then removing the anxiety of the takeover.If employees dont see the need to change, they whitethorn become very stubborn and knotty to work with. several(prenominal) periods when there is a change in the workplace, employees dont agree with it and line up they are doing jobs well enough and the organisation is tally smoothly already. Even if this is true, there is always elbow room for improvement and this should be expressed to the employees. WMC has a dandy opportunity to become involved in a bigger corporation and with some employees having a chance to keep their jobs, it should be highlighted to them that perhaps this will wind instrument to a pay rise or even promotion.To minimize the resistance they should provide support to the provide by actively listening to the problems and complaints they have, provide nurture to help the module blend in with the new way of doing things, and help to overcome the performance pressures. whitethornhap then, the WMC employees will see that this change will lead to an improvement of the company and work efficiently and peacefully once again. c) Organizational change can be cause by external forces and internal forces. External forces have outside of the correspondence and not only do they affect a company, but they also cause planetary affects. at that place are three components that roleplay a crucial role in change of an organization from an external forces view. These three key factors brook a company to undergo change and regenerate its organization to improve its production and services. Economic factors greatly affect WMC. This includes the nature and direction of the national rescue in which a company does business. For international entities, it includes the global economy. We know that consumption is affected by the wealth of the population, and business people must plan accordingly.Some major considerations include the availability of credit and the inwardness of disposable income in a given market. some(prenominal) inflation and interest rates and a given countrys GDP are other economic factors that can help or hinder a companys marketing efforts. The current economy has leftover smaller companies vulnerable to bankruptcy. Merging with a larger company kindred BHP will allow WMC to contest effectively in the world market. Internal forces for change come from inside the organization. These forces may b e subtle, such as low morale, or can bear witness in outward signs, such as low productivity and conflict.Internal forces for change come from both gracious resource problems and managerial behaviour/decisions. humans Resource Problems is a major internal force for change. These problems stem from employee perceptions about how they are treated at work and the match between individual and organization needs. Dissatisfaction comes from an underlying employee problem that should be addressed. Unusual or high levels of absenteeism and turnover also represent forces for change. WMC might respond to these problems by reducing employees role conflict, overload, and ambiguity, and by removing the different stressors.Prospects for positive change stem from employee participation and suggestions. Managerial Behaviour/Decisions are an essential reason for organisational change. Excessive interpersonal conflict between managers and their subordinates is a sign that change is needed. Both t he manager and the employee may need interpersonal skills training, or the two individuals may simply need to be separated. For example, one of the parties might be transferred to a new department. Inappropriate loss attraction behaviours such as inadequate direction or support may result in human resource problems requiring change.Leadership training is one potentiality solution for this problem. Inequitable reward systems are extra forces for change. Clear Purpose The vision, mission, goal or task of the team must be defined and veritable by allone. In the case of BHP-WMC, there will be many changes when the two merge, so all the staff will have to be notified of the new action plan. This will make the team focus on the goal. In semiformality A good team should be informal, comfortable and relaxed. There shouldnt be any obvious tensions or signs of boredom.This may be tough for BHP-WMC because of the merger, there may be some resentment towards the other companys staff fo r having to merge with them. Also cliques will have organise which may cause some problems with the congregation working in concert. If they can work together effortlessly they will perform to a higher standard. Participation There should be much discussion and everyone should be back up to participate. This is also great for getting all the new staff members to bond with the BHP staff and to make them feel they are burning(prenominal) to the company.Listening The members should use effective listening techniques such as questioning, paraphrasing and summarizing to get out ideas. Therefore benefiting the company with possible innovative ideas. civilise Disagreement If there is disagreement, the team must be comfortable with this and show no signs of avoiding, smoothing over or suppressing conflict. This is promising to happen with the two companiess having their own previous ways of doing things, but to create an effective team, they must all constructively discuss and poi nt out a middle ground.Consensus Decisions For important decisions, the goal is straight but not necessarily unanimous agreement through open discussion of everyones ideas, avoidance of formal voting or easy compromises. This way the group should get the most suitable outcome without upsetting any of the group members or giving in to a poor idea overdue to peer pressure. Open Communication Team members should feel drop out to express their feelings on the tasks as well as on the groups operation. There should be few hole-and-corner(a) agendas.Communication takes place outside of meetings. This way nobody is hiding any feelings and is comfortable with the ongoing operations. dual-lane Leadership While a team has a formal leader, leaders functions shift from duration to time depending on the circumstances, the needs of the group and the skills of the members. The formal leader should models the appropriate behaviour and helps establish positive norms. This will give everyo ne a chance to feel important to the company and a chance to improve their leadership skills.External Relations The team should spend time developing key outside relationships and mobilizing resources, then construct credibility with important players in other split of the organization. This will be handy for when they need help from other departments, especially in a turbulent growing company like BHP. Style vicissitude The team should have a broad spectrum of team-player types, including members who emphasize attention to task, goal setting, focus on process and questions about how the team is mathematical process. This gives diversity and strength is every area.Self-Assessment Periodically, the team should stops to examine how well it is functioning and what may be interfering with its effectiveness. This is essential for any team, especially a newly created one like BHP-WMC. b) In creating effective teams, managers should act as facilitators and call for mutual account ability. do not monopolize team projects do not control daily activities. BHP-WMC could watch over these two theories quite easily. The managers could act as facilitators to the team so that it became more effective.They need to have a shared understanding and share responsibilities so that they can understand each other and work together as a well functioning machine. uncouth influence and task autonomy is also demand to make BHP-WMC more effective than they currently are. plebeian accountability will improve BP-WMC effectiveness because it mode the responsibility doesnt land all on one person, which means its more likely to improve your chances of achieving your objective if the responsibility is shared crossways the team.To amplification an employees behaviour, a positive re-enforcer is employ immediately after the behaviour is presented, the premise world that if the employee does something and is rewarded, then they are more likely to echo the act. Constant accompani ment must be use to help new behaviours become established. To maintain the desired behaviour once it is established, an intermittent re-enforcer, one that is used only occasionally, should be sufficient to use. Negative reinforcement is similar to the concept of a reward.Essentially, this is when something negative is upstage from a persons experience as a way to increase the likelihood of good behaviour happening again. For example, if a child studies unvoiced for a test and the parent rewards the child by not making him do chores, it is likely that this good studying behaviour will recur. Extinction is the fish fillet of positive reinforcers that have been maintaining an inappropriate behaviour. This relies on the theory that behaviours which are not reinforced will concisely disappear. Both positive and negative reinforcement result in learning. They strengthen a response and increase the possibility of repetition.Both punishment and extinction, however, weaken behaviour and tend to decrease its subsequent frequency. b) Punishment should be used as a last refuge only. With the employees already low on morale due to the uncertainty of their jobs, it wouldnt take much to excite them over the edge and start acting inappropriately, or even worse, quitting. Ways of using punishment as a reinforcement strategy are as follows The behaviour plan is congruent must be inwardly regulations and company policies. The use of punishment procedures to manage employee behaviours is an issue of growing debate.Employees should take care that all elements of a behaviour plan, including punishment procedures, fall within disciplinary guidelines both of the company policies and within the law. acknowledgement List Dick, P. & Ellis, S. (2006), Introduction to Organizational Behaviour tertiary Edition, McGraw-Hill Education, Berkshire, UK Mosley, D. C. , Megginson, L. C. , & Pietri, P. H. (2001) Supervisory Management The Art of Empowering and Developing People, South-Wes tern College Publishing, Ohio, U. S. A Ehlen, D. (1994), Supporting high performance teams, Manage, 46(2), pp. 32-34. Organizations, Jossey-Bass, San Francisco, U. S. A